Study on the blackening phenomenon of leaded glass during microgroove molding using nickel phosphorous mold

Precision glass molding (PGM) is a recently developed method to fabricate glass microgroove components. Lead glass is commonly used as an optical material due to its high refractive index and low transition temperature. A nickel-phosphorous (Ni–P) plated mold is traditionally employed in the PGM process for microstructures optics. However, leaded glass is subject to color change and can blacken during the PGM process, reducing the light transmittance of microgrooves. In this paper, an equation for the redox reaction between Ni and Pb is proposed, which is based on the diffusion of inner Ni atoms to the surface of the mold and the standard electrode potential of the Pb ions in leaded glass. A viscoelastic constitutive model of the glass is established to simulate the compression stress distribution during molding. Finally, the effects of molding pressure, molding temperature, and mold material on glass blackening are studied. The results show that the blackening of leaded glass is caused by Pb enriching the surface. The rise in molding stress and temperature increases the deformation of Ni–P plating, which promotes the diffusion of Ni atoms. By adding a titanium incorporated diamond-like carbon (Ti-DLC) coating, the deformation of the Ni–P plating during molding is suppressed, and the diffusion of Ni atoms can be prevented. In this way, the blackening of leaded glass can be prevented.     

Synthesis and characterization of novel,temperature‐sensitive microgels based on N‐isopropylacrylamide and tert‐butyl acrylate

A series of temperature‐sensitive microgels based on N‐isopropylacrylamide as the main monomer, tert‐butyl acrylate (tBA) as the comonomer, and N,N′‐methylene‐bis(acrylamide) as the crosslinker were synthesized with a modified surfactant‐free emulsion polymerization method. The chemical structure and global shape with an excellent monodispersity of the microgels were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The temperature‐sensitive behavior of the microgels was investigated by dynamic light scattering and ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometric analysis. The results show that the volume phase‐transition temperature of the poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐tert‐butyl acrylate) [poly(NIPAM‐co‐tBA)] microgels were tuned over a broad range by the incorporated amount of tBA comonomer and their temperature sensitivity decreased with increasing content of tBA units incorporated into the microgel network. Furthermore, the swelling ratios of the poly (NIPAM‐co‐tBA) microgels were lowered gradually with increasing tBA unit content within the microgel network. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2962–2967, 2007     

脉冲电沉积Ni-SiC复合镀层的组织形貌与性能研究

利用直流(DC)和脉冲(PRC)两种电沉积方法制备了Ni-SiC复合镀层.利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)检测了镀层的微观结构与性能,通过扫描电镜(SEM)观察了镀层的表面形貌.结果表明:脉冲方法得到的纯镍镀层和复合镀层结晶晶粒更细小均匀,表面更致密平整.当镀层中SiC含量约为10.6%时脉冲镀层的宏观残余应力较直流镀层降低19.5%,硬度提高6.6%.     

Performance comparison of reduced models for leak detection in water distribution networks

This paper presents a methodology for comparing the performance of model-reduction strategies to be used with a diagnostic methodology for leak detection in water distribution networks. The goal is to find reduction strategies that are suitable for error-domain model falsification, a model based data interpretation methodology. Twelve reduction strategies are derived from five strategy categories. Categories differ according to the manner in which nodes are selected for deletion. A node is selected for deletion according to: (1) the diameter of the pipes; (2) the number of pipes linked to a node; (3) the angle of the pipes in the case of two-pipe nodes; (4) the distribution of the water demand; and, (5) a pair-wise combination of some categories.The methodology is illustrated using part of a real network. Performance is evaluated first by judging the equivalency of the reduced network with the initial network (before the application of any reduction procedure) and secondly, by assessing the compatibility with the diagnostic methodology. The results show that for each reduction strategy the equivalency of networks is verified. Computational time can be reduced to less than 20% of the non-reduced network in the best case. Results of diagnostic performance show that the performance decreases when using reduced networks. The reduction strategy with the best diagnostic performance is that based on the angle of two-pipe nodes, with an angle threshold of 165°. In addition, the sensitivity of the performance of the reduced networks to variation in leak intensity is evaluated. Results show that the reduction strategies where the number of nodes is significantly reduced are the most sensitive.Finally this paper describes a Pareto analysis that is used to select the reduction strategy that is a good compromise between reduction of computational time and performance of the diagnosis. In this context, the extension strategy is the most attractive.     

等通道转角挤压制备超细晶材料的研究与发展

等通道转角挤压(Equal channel angular pressing,ECAP)是大塑性变形制备超细晶材料的方法之一,具有大晶粒尺寸的材料可以在室温下挤压达到超细晶尺度。从ECAP模具参数、工艺条件影响因素、模具及制备方法改进、细化机理、制备的超细晶材料组织稳定性及性能方面进行总结,并结合部分研究结果可知,ECAP模具正在不断被优化和改进,复合挤压技术不断出现,目前已实现超细晶材料的连续ECAP挤压制备技术。等通道转角挤压的晶粒细化主要是由于剪切力的作用和第二相粒子的作用,ECAP晶粒细化机理及组合工艺的研究是目前研究的热点。超细晶材料在不同领域的应用对其性能提出的更高要求,对其大塑性变形制备技术本身也是挑战。     

椭圆开孔层合板剪切屈曲仿真预报

为预测不同纤维角度铺层复合材料层合板在中心不同椭圆尺寸开孔下剪切承载能力,利用有限元软件包进行仿真分析.通过改变纤维角度铺层方式和开孔几何参数,得到层合板屈曲载荷变化规律.结果表明(0/90)4和(-45/45)4层合板屈曲特征值随椭圆偏轴角θ=45°对称分布,(-15/75)4和(-30/60)4随θ=45°反对称分布,这主要由于其纤维铺层角度与载荷矢量方向成对称和反对称分布.此外,仿真得到最优椭圆开孔偏轴角度θ为0°,其剪切屈曲特征值随不同椭圆尺寸(c/a=0.1,0.2,0.3)增大而线性减小等规律,这是因为c/a增大扩大了椭圆开孔面积,从而减小了层合板的承载能力.本文最后采用四杆夹具结构进行对角拉伸进行静态加载实验,仿真计算结果和实验屈曲临界值吻合.