车路协同环境下基于动态车速的相位差优化模型

针对基于固定路段行驶车速的相位差优化模型在优化双向滤波时存在的不足,本文基于车路协同环境下车辆–信号控制系统双向、实时通信的运行环境,研究并建立了车辆动态速度与交叉口相位差的整合优化模型.首先,基于对上游交叉口流出的两类交通流,即饱和交通流和非饱和交通流运行特征分析,建立了速度与相位差相互影响关系模型,在此基础上,分别针对两种不同的交通流,以干道实时流量与速度乘积最大为目标,考虑初始排队清空时间,可变速度范围,和相位差取值空间等约束条件,建立了车辆速度与相位差的动态优化模型,从而实现干道交通流不停车通过量最大且延误最小的目的.最后,对比分析了本文模型与经典Maxband绿波优化模型及Synchro软件的信号协调控制优化方案,结果表明,相比其他两种典型优化方法,本文模型能显著提高双向绿波带宽并大幅减少停车次数,提高协调控制的效益.     

Quantitative analysis on distribution of modifier in microstructure of SBS modified asphalt

A method was developed to make a quantitative analysis of the microstructure of asphalt modified with styrene-butadiene-styrene block(SBS) copolymer. Moreover, both mixed and branched SBS were employed in the preparation of modified asphalt. By sampling specimens from the top, middle, and bottom, a number of microscope slides were made and 400 times micro images were gained. Binarized with the software of MATLAB, the images then went to the process of distribution test, when four typical distributions were employed to investigate the distribution of modifi er spread in asphalt. The distribution characteristic and its parameter were both found. The results show that asphalt phase clearly obeys Poisson distribution, and its parameter, λ, is bond up with the condition SBS performs in. Based on this parameter, indexes can be set up to evaluate the structure of the mixture and its performance as well. Compared with that modifi ed with mixed SBS, the asphalt modifi ed with branched SBS has better performance but worse stability, for it is easier to segregate.     

Optimal paths planning in dynamic transportation networks with random link travel times

A theoretical study was conducted on finding optimal paths in transportation networks where link travel times were stochastic and time-dependent（STD）. The methodology of relative robust optimization was applied as measures for comparing time-varying, random path travel times for a priori optimization. In accordance with the situation in real world, a stochastic consistent condition was provided for the STD networks and under this condition, a mathematical proof was given that the STD robust optimal path problem can be simplified into a minimum problem in specific time-dependent networks. A label setting algorithm was designed and tested to find travelers＇ robust optimal path in a sampled STD network with computation complexity of O（n2＋n·m）. The validity of the robust approach and the designed algorithm were confirmed in the computational tests. Compared with conventional probability approach, the proposed approach is simple and efficient, and also has a good application prospect in navigation system.     

A rear-end collision risk assessment model based on drivers’ collision avoidance process under influences of cell phone use and gender—A driving simulator based study

Driver’s collision avoidance performance has a direct link to the collision risk and crash severity. Previous studies demonstrated that the distracted driving, such as using a cell phone while driving, disrupted the driver’s performance on road. This study aimed to investigate the manner and extent to which cell phone use and driver’s gender affected driving performance and collision risk in a rear-end collision avoidance process. Forty-two licensed drivers completed the driving simulation experiment in three phone use conditions: no phone use, hands-free, and hand-held, in which the drivers drove in a car-following situation with potential rear-end collision risks caused by the leading vehicle’s sudden deceleration. Based on the experiment data, a rear-end collision risk assessment model was developed to assess the influence of cell phone use and driver’s gender. The cell phone use and driver’s gender were found to be significant factors that affected the braking performances in the rear-end collision avoidance process, including the brake reaction time, the deceleration adjusting time and the maximum deceleration rate. The minimum headway distance between the leading vehicle and the simulator during the rear-end collision avoidance process was the final output variable, which could be used to measure the rear-end collision risk and judge whether a collision occurred. The results showed that although cell phone use drivers took some compensatory behaviors in the collision avoidance process to reduce the mental workload, the collision risk in cell phone use conditions was still higher than that without the phone use. More importantly, the results proved that the hands-free condition did not eliminate the safety problem associated with distracted driving because it impaired the driving performance in the same way as much as the use of hand-held phones. In addition, the gender effect indicated that although female drivers had longer reaction time than male drivers in critical situation, they were more quickly in braking with larger maximum deceleration rate, and they tended to keep a larger safety margin with the leading vehicle compared to male drivers. The findings shed some light on the further development of advanced collision avoidance technologies and the targeted intervention strategies about cell phone use while driving.     

A generalized multiple layer data envelopment analysis model for hierarchical structure assessment: A case study in road safety performance evaluation

Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is a powerful analytical research tool for measuring the relative efficiency of a homogeneous set of decision making units (DMUs) by obtaining empirical estimates of relations between multiple inputs and multiple outputs related to the DMUs. To further embody multilayer hierarchical structures of these inputs and outputs in the DEA framework, which are prevalent in today’s performance evaluation activities, we propose a generalized multiple layer DEA (MLDEA) model. Starting from the input-oriented CCR model, we elaborate the mathematical deduction process of the MLDEA model, formulate the weights in each layer of the hierarchy, and indicate different types of possible weight restrictions. Meanwhile, its linear transformation is realized and further extended to the BCC form. To demonstrate the proposed MLDEA model, a case study in evaluating the road safety performance of a set of 19 European countries is carried out. By using 13 hierarchical safety performance indicators in terms of road user behavior (e.g., inappropriate or excessive speed) as the model’s input and 4 layered road safety final outcomes (e.g., road fatalities) as the output, we compute the most optimal road safety efficiency score for the set of European countries, and further analyze the weights assigned to each layer of the hierarchy. A comparison of the results with the ones from the one layer DEA model clearly indicates the usefulness and effectiveness of this improvement in dealing with a great number of performance evaluation activities with hierarchical structures.     

城市快速路匝道合流区车速限制研究

为了明晰城市快速路匝道合流区交通运行最有利的车速限制策略,基于匝道合流区限速原则,采用快速路实测数据和数理统计分析方法,研究匝道车辆车速分布、流量与车速关系以及车道位置、车型和车道宽度对匝道合流区的合理限速值的影响．分析表明:车速随车道位置由内至外依次降低,车道宽度虽与车速呈正比,但影响并不大,车速主要受流量影响,与其呈正比．城市快速路匝道合流区与基本路段的车速特征差异较大,应分别制定限速策略,匝道合流区限速值应根据车道位置、车道宽度和流量情况综合进行考虑．     

砂土的剪胀方程及其塑性势(Ⅱ):新的拓展

以能量守恒原理为主线,在现有简化版砂土剪胀方程(比如Cam-clay、修正Cam-clay和Rowe等的剪胀方程)的基础上,通过对各向同性砂土引入状态参数、对横观各向同性砂土同时引入状态参数和各向异性状态参数,逐步展开较为复杂的砂土剪胀方程的综述.最后指出了初始组构张量及其在后期受荷变形过程中该组构张量的逐步演化对砂土剪胀方程的影响是今后研究的方向.     

In the eye of the beholder: A simulator study of the impact of Google Glass on driving performance

This study examined whether, and to what extent, driving is affected by reading text on Google Glass. Reading text requires a high level of visual resources and can interfere with safe driving. However, it is currently unclear if the impact of reading text on a head-mounted display, such as Google Glass (Glass), will differ from that found with more traditional head-down electronic devices, such as a dash-mounted smartphone. A total of 20 drivers (22–48 years) completed the Lane Change Test while driving undistracted and while reading text on Glass and on a smartphone. Measures of lateral vehicle control and event detection were examined along with subjective workload and secondary task performance. Results revealed that drivers’ lane keeping ability was significantly impaired by reading text on both Glass and the smartphone. When using Glass, drivers also failed to detect a greater number of lane change signs compared to when using the phone or driving undistracted. In terms of subjective workload, drivers rated reading on Glass as subjectively easier than on the smartphone, which may possibly encourage greater use of this device while driving. Overall, the results suggest that, despite Glass allowing drivers to better maintain their visual attention on the forward scene, drivers are still not able to effectively divide their cognitive attention across the Glass display and the road environment, resulting in impaired driving performance.     

Adjustment of tunnel lining service life through appropriate safety factors

Tunnels typically comprise large scale infrastructure projects, where a demand for an increased service life is present. The most recent large scale projects in the UK come with a requirement for a service life of 120 years. At the same time, the implementation of Eurocodes is becoming standard practice, the current provisions of which cover a service life of 50 years. On the other hand, temporary structures often do not need to be designed for a service life longer than a few years only. The present paper discusses a reliability life-cycle based methodology to adjust safety factors used in the design of tunnel linings in order to reach a specified service life, i.e. a variation of the safety factors used leading to an analogous reliability level at the start of the structures lifetime, which in turn provides a modification of the expected service life duration. As discussed herein, this procedure does not conflict the Eurocode provisions (one of the most referred standards in tunnel design) but it comes in line with the safety concept indicated in Eurocode 0 “Basis of Design”.