Halogenated Ti3C2 MXenes Prepared by Microwave Molten Salt for Hg0 Photo-Oxidation

Ti₃C₂ MXenes with different halogen modifications are prepared rapidly and efficiently by microwave molten salt method, and the MXene surface functional group modification is successfully achieved to address the problems of low purity, complex functional groups, and uncontrollable energy band structure of MXenes obtained by traditional liquid phase etching. Among them, the modification of the iodine (I) functional group onto the surface of Ti₃C₂ changes the energy band structure and band gap, resulting in easier photoexcitation and more photogenerated carriers. The increased Fermi energy is closer to the conduction band, the decreased surface work function weakens the electron confinement ability. The photogenerated carriers can migrate to the surface of the material more easily with extended lifetime, so the activity of the catalyst is improved. Further, for gaseous monomeric mercury (Hg⁰) photo-oxidative removal, Ti₃C₂-I₂ exhibits 85.5% efficiency of Hg⁰ photo-oxidative removal under visible light. Based on the experimental characterization and density functional theory calculations, a mechanism for the photo-oxidative removal of Hg° from Ti₃C₂-I₂ MXene is proposed, which provides a valuable strategy for studying Ti₃C₂ MXenes in the field of photocatalysis.     

响应曲面法优化硫脲浸出烧结灰中银的工艺研究

以炼铁烧结机头除尘灰(烧结灰)为实验原料,通过XRF、XRD、SEM-EDS手段对原料进行表征,采用酸性硫脲法浸出烧结灰提取银。在单因素实验的基础上,使用响应曲面法(RSM)对烧结灰中提取银的工艺条件进行优化,以炼铁烧结灰中银的浸出率为响应值,选取对硫脲浸出烧结灰提银过程有显著影响的变量(反应温度、硫脲浓度、浸出时间)作为考察因素,采用Central Composite Design(CCD)中心设计方案以三因素五水平设计实验,得到最优的提银工艺条件,并获得拟合度高的二阶多项式模型。结果表明:硫脲浸出烧结灰中银的最佳工艺为反应温度50℃、硫脲浓度22g/L、浸出时间90min;在最佳提取条件下,银浸出率的模型预测值为89.38%,实验真实银的浸出率为89.9%,其相对误差为0.52%,表明实际值与模型预测值接近,可用于预测烧结灰提取银的浸出过程。     

Self-adaptive PID controller of microwave drying rotary device tuning on-line by genetic algorithms

The control design, based on self-adaptive PID with genetic algorithms(GA) tuning on-line was investigated, for the temperature control of industrial microwave drying rotary device with the multi-layer(IMDRDWM) and with multivariable nonlinear interaction of microwave and materials. The conventional PID control strategy incorporated with optimization GA was put forward to maintain the optimum drying temperature in order to keep the moisture content below 1%, whose adaptation ability included the cost function of optimization GA according to the output change. Simulations on five different industrial process models and practical temperature process control system for selenium-enriched slag drying intensively by using IMDRDWM were carried out systematically, indicating the reliability and effectiveness of control design. The parameters of proposed control design are all on-line implemented without iterative predictive calculations, and the closed-loop system stability is guaranteed, which makes the developed scheme simpler in its synthesis and application, providing the practical guidelines for the control implementation and the parameter design.     

A dual-porosity dual-permeability model for acid gas injection process evaluation in hydrogen-carbonate reservoirs

The Pre-Caspian basin is one of the most prolific in terms of oil and gas exploration and hydrogen and carbon compounds energy production around the world. The major hydrogen and carbon compounds reservoirs are Carboniferous reef and platform hydrogen-carbonate rocks. The original fluids under subsurface conditions contain 15% hydrogen sulfide and 4% carbon dioxide. Acid hydrogen and carbon compounds reinjection is not only an environmentally friendly solution for disposal of produced greenhouse gases but also enhances oil recovery and supplies more fuel energy. On the other hand, the presence of fractures makes hydrogen-carbonate reservoir characteristics nature more complicated than conventional sandstone reservoirs, which leads to a tremendous challenge to evaluate the gas injection process. In this work, a dual-porosity dual-permeability formulation was used to model the dual-medium nature incorporating matrix system with high porosity and low permeability and fracture network with low porosity and high permeability. After matching PVT experiments, a ten pseudo-components fluid model was generated for running compositional simulation. The miscible hydrogen and carbon compounds injection was simulated as an effective enhanced oil recovery approach. Sensitivity analysis such as timing of injection gas, injection rate, well spacing and completion interval have proposed the optimal condition for the miscible hydrogen and carbon compounds flooding. The recommended optimum hydrogen and carbon compounds injection scenario is twice higher oil recovery compared with natural depletion. The results of this study illustrate further the practicability of pseudo-components splitting and lumping for compositional simulation to evaluate the performance of hydrogen and carbon compounds injection processes, and are of great importance using the dual-porosity dual-permeability method performing numerical simulation of naturally fractured hydrogen-carbonate reservoirs.     

Gold extraction by chlorination using a pyrometallurgical process

The feasibility to recover the gold present in alluvial material, by means of a chlorination process, using chlorine as a reactive agent, has been studied. The influence of temperature and reaction time was studied through changes in the reactant solid. The techniques used to characterize the mineral samples and the reaction residues were stereomicroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence and scanning electronic microscopy. Results indicate that gold extraction is favored by increasing, both, the temperature and the reaction time. The best recovery values were of 98.23% at 873 K and 3600 s and of 98.73% at 873 K and 5400 s, with very low attack of the matrix containing the metal. The powder of pure gold was not chlorinated at this temperature level.     

采用微波助磨技术处理惠民铁矿的研究

采用微波高温箱式加热装置研究微波对惠民铁矿磨细的辅助作用。考察了该矿在微波场下的升温行为及微波加热对矿物孔隙率、内部裂隙及矿物磨细的影响。结果表明,惠民氧化铁矿在微波作用下能够在100s内被加热至600℃以上,并且微波处理后矿物孔隙率提高24.04%,相同磨矿条件下-200目产品的产率提高7.3%～11.3%,SEM微观结构物相分析显示微波处理后矿物产生大量的晶界间裂隙。     

烟化炉产氧化锌烟尘的介电特性及温升特性

为了研究微波焙烧脱除氧化锌烟尘中氟氯的可行性以及氧化锌烟尘的吸波特性,采用谐振腔微扰法对不同物料密度氧化锌烟尘的介电特性（ε′,ε″和tanδ）进行测定。氧化锌烟尘的介电常数、介电损耗和损耗角正切值与氧化锌烟尘的表观密度成正比。在微波场下研究物料质量和微波功率对氧化锌烟尘升温特性的影响。结果表明,氧化锌烟尘对微波具有较强的吸波能力,其表观升温速率与微波焙烧功率成正比,与质量成反比,在8 min内温度可到达800℃。     

废杂铜熔炼粗铜电解精炼技术的研究进展

铜作为重要的有色金属,它支撑着我国的现代化建设。作为全世界精铜需求最大的国家,我们的铜矿产资源却远远不能满足自身的生产需求,还需大量依靠进口铜矿产资源。此外,在现代化工业发展的今天,矿铜冶炼工艺也面临着环境污染等问题。因此,急需完成废杂铜等二次铜资源的再生利用研究。据报道,现在再生铜的产量已达到334万吨左右。废杂铜熔炼产物粗铜的电解精炼在一定程度上缓解了目前我国面临的资源供需矛盾,也可有效解决废杂铜资源堆积的问题,对铜冶炼双碳战略具有重要的研究意义和价值。     

Recovery of zinc from an industrial zinc leach residue by solvent extraction using D2EHPA

A hydrometallurgical treatment involving solvent extraction of zinc using di-2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) has been investigated to recover zinc from an industrial leach residue. The residue was leached with sulfuric acid producing leach liquor which was subjected to solvent extraction for enrichment of zinc and removal of impurities. Operating variables, such as pH, D2EHPA concentration, temperature, aqueous/organic (A/O) phase ratio, tri-butyl phosphate (TBP) concentration and sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄) concentration in aqueous phase were studied. Practically, all zinc was extracted from the aqueous solution at pH 2.5 with 20% w/w D2EHPA in kerosene. Increasing either TBP concentration up to 5%, or Na₂SO₄ concentration up to 0.2 M, increased the zinc extraction. Zinc could be extracted at one theoretical stage at A/O of 1/1, as calculated by McCabe–Thiele method.     

Dimension Optimization for Silica Sand Based on the Analysis of Dynamic Absorption Efficiency in Microwave Drying

We propose a theoretical guideline for prediction of maximum microwave absorption in microwave drying by optimizing the thickness of a silica sand layer based on analysis of reflection loss (RL). The microwave RL of the silica sand layer was studied over the moisture content of 1% to 5% at 20°C and the silica sand (5% moisture content) in the temperature range of 20 to 100°C at 2.45 GHz. The calculated RL for various moisture contents and temperatures shows that the RL sensitively depends on the thickness of the silica sand. There are absorption peaks in the RL patterns, and the microwave absorption peak shifts towards a smaller thickness side as the moisture content and temperature of the silica sand increase. We also show that the intensity of microwave absorption peaks in the RL patterns of silica sand decrease with decreasing moisture content, and achieve the highest absorption at 60°C.