Kinetics of light-induced degradation in compensated boron-doped silicon investigated using photoluminescence and numerical simulation

We use photoluminescence to observe light-induced degradation in silicon in real time. Numerical simulations are used to match our results and lifetime decay data from the literature with theoretical models for the generation of the light-induced boron–oxygen defects. It is found that the existing model of the slowly generated defect SRC, where its saturated concentration is a function of the majority carrier concentration, does not explain certain results in both p- and n-type samples. A new model is proposed in which the saturated SRC concentration is controlled by the total hole concentration under illumination.     

Investigation of a miniature centrifugal fan

A centrifugal fan was designed with a matching centrifugal volute flow channel in order to investigate a numerical simulation with prototype manufacturing, and to compare with experimental results. The fan configuration was developed according to a fan-design theorem. A model P-60 turbojet engine compressor blade design was adopted for the fan aerodynamic analysis and design. The results were verified using the STAR-CD code. Also, based on the findings, a miniature centrifugal fan was designed and manufactured using a CNC five axes machine. The P–Q performance curves were tested using an AMCA standard 210-85 test chamber apparatus. From the numerical analysis results, the pressure on the suction and pressure surfaces will increase gradually from the inlet to one-half the distance of the hub’s camber line, however, it will increase more rapidly afterwards. In addition, stress-concentration phenomenon occurred at the tip of the suction and pressure surfaces. In other words, the tip was more prone to damage when the fan was operated. Experiments show that the designed fan maximum flow rate Q and static pressure P were 32% and 59%, respectively, which were lower than the commercial fan data at 2000 rpm rotational speed. However, when the rotational speed was increased to 4000 rpm, the maximum flow rate Q and static pressure P were increased to 38% and 82%. This study concluded that a centrifugal fan’s static pressure at high rotational speed is higher than that of an axial-flow fan. Therefore, a centrifugal fan should be chosen if high static pressure cooling or blowing is required. This advanced research investigation is to build up the capabilities of design, analysis, manufacturing, and measurement of a centrifugal fan with an outer diameter smaller than 10 cm.     

Fluidised pellet bed bioreactor: a promising technology for onsite wastewater treatment and reuse.

A pilot-scale fluidised pellet bed (FPB) bioreactor, which combines chemical coagulation, biological degradation, particle pelletisation and separation in one unit, was applied for onsite wastewater treatment and reuse. As a result of rational use of inorganic coagulant and organic polymer and moderate mechanical agitation, spherical particles were generated in the upflow column and a well-fluidised bed was formed. With a continuous supply of dissolved oxygen through a recycling loop, an aerobic condition was kept in the bottom section of the FPB column. Under such conditions the pellets in the FPB column showed the following characteristics: (1) compact structure and high density; (2) rich in microorganisms; and (3) high MLSS and MLVSS concentrations. Therefore, the FPB bioreactor achieved more than 90% removal of SS, COD, BOD and TP from raw domestic wastewater within a total hydraulic retention time (HRT) of only about 30 minutes. It also showed nitrification and denitrification ability and the TN removal could be about 50% as the recycling ratio was increased to 1:1. The treated water quality is generally competitive with the secondary effluent from a conventional activated sludge process. With these advantages the FPB bioreactor is recommendable as a compact system for onsite wastewater treatment and reuse.     

Improvement of rainwater infiltration and storage capacity by an enhanced seepage well: From laboratory investigation to HYDRUS-2D numerical analysis

Seepage well is an emerging Low Impact Development (LID) technology that can effectively control the storm runoff. However, its rainwater infiltration rate and storage capacity still require further enhancement. By setting a horizontal infiltration structure at the bottom of conventional rainwater seepage well (CSW), an enhanced seepage well (ESW) was proposed in this study, and its infiltration performances compared with the permeable pavement (PP) and the CSW were systemically investigated using static infiltration experiment and HYDRUS-2D simulation. The results showed that the infiltration efficiency of ESW was significantly higher than that of PP and CSW, and the process of water infiltrated through soil mainly controlled the macroscopic infiltration rate. The Nash-Sutcliff Efficient (NSE) index was used to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of the HYDRUS-2D model, and the results of NSE values greater than 0.75 (varied between 0.75 and 0.91) confirmed the applicability of HYDRUS-2D to describe correctly the hydraulic behavior of the ESW system. Simulation infiltration tests showed that the ESW performed a higher average infiltration rate and fewer total runoff volume than the CSW, indicating the effectively enhancement of the infiltration and water retention capacity of ESW, especially under heavy rainfall intensities. Additionally, the ESW system exhibited an excellent runoff-control and rainwater retention capacity in an actual rainfall scenario.     

Experimental and numerical simulation of lignite chemical looping gasification with phosphogypsum as oxygen carrier in a fluidized bed

Phosphogypsum (PG) is a solid waste produced in the wet process of producing phosphoric acid.Lignite is a kind of promising chemical raw material.However,the high sulfur of lignite limits the utilization of lig-nite as a resource.Based on fluidized bed experiments,the optimal reaction conditions for the production syngas by lignite chemical looping gasification (CLG) with PG as oxygen carrier were studied.The study found that the optimal reaction temperature should not exceed 1123 K;the mole ratio of water vapor to lignite should be about 0.2;the mole ratio of PG oxygen carrier to lignite should be about 0.6.Meanwhile,commercial software Comsol was used to establish a fuel reaction kinetics model.Through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) numerical simulation,the process of reaction in fluidized bed were well captured.The model was based on a two-fluid model and coupled mass transfer,heat transfer and chemical reac-tions.This study showed that the fluidized bed presents a flow structure in which gas and solid coexist.There was a high temperature zone in the middle and lower parts of the fluidized bed.It could be seen from the results of the flow field simulated that the fluidized bed was beneficial to the progress of the gasification reaction.     

邻菲罗啉-硫氰酸钾-水体系液固分离钴(Ⅱ)

当分析元素含量极低时,往往要求在测定之前辅以化学分离预富集手段以纯化富集待测物和除去干扰基体。实验利用邻菲罗啉和硫氰酸钾作为微痕量Co²⁺的络合剂,建立了一种液固体系分离富集微痕量Co²⁺的新方法。分别考察了邻菲罗啉溶液用量、硫氰酸钾溶液用量、酸度对分离效率的影响。结果表明,当体系中Co²⁺含量为100 μg时,控制体系pH=2~6,加入1.00 mL 1.5 g/L邻菲罗啉溶液、1.00 mL 0.1 mol/L硫氰酸钾溶液、1.00 mL 10 g/L EDTA溶液、1.00 mL 40 g/L硫脲溶液,震荡静置后,Co²⁺与邻菲罗啉、硫氰酸钾反应生成的离子缔合物定量沉淀到溶液底部,而Cd²⁺、Fe³⁺、Zn²⁺、Ni²⁺、Cu²⁺、Pb²⁺、Al³⁺、Ag⁺等离子仍留在水相中,从而实现了Co²⁺与这些离子的定量分离。方法成功用于合成水样中微痕量Co²⁺的定量分离,富集率在97.2%～98.6%之间。     

新型阻垢剂IA-SSS-MA聚合物的合成与表征

以衣康酸(IA)、苯乙烯磺酸钠(SSS)和马来酸酐(MA)为单体,以水为溶剂,过硫酸铵作引发剂,合成了衣康酸-苯乙烯磺酸钠-马来酸酐(IA-SSS-MA)三元聚合物阻垢剂,考察了单体配比、反应温度、引发剂量、滴加时间等对聚合物阻碳酸钙垢效果的影响,结果表明:当单体配比为IA∶SSS∶MA=5∶1∶0.25(摩尔比),反应温度100℃,引发剂量占单体总量13%,滴加时间为5 h,阻碳酸钙垢效果最好,阻垢率达到98.11%。     

Pr^3＋掺杂的TiO2纳米粉体的表面特性和光催化活性

利用酸催化的溶胶-凝胶法制备了纯的和不同Pr^3＋掺杂量的TiO2纳米粉体．以亚甲基蓝（MB）溶液的光催化降解为探针反应，评价了它们的光催化活性．利用XRD和BET技术研究了Pr^3＋掺杂量和焙烧温度对TiO2纳米粉体的相结构、晶粒尺寸和表面织构特性的影响，并用XPS和SPS技术研究了Pr^3＋掺杂的TiO2纳米粉体的表面组成和表面光伏特性，探讨了Pr^3＋掺杂提高纳米TiO2的光催化活性的机制．结果表明：适量Pr^3＋掺杂能显著提高纳米TiO2的光催化活性．当Pr^3＋掺杂量为1．25％（以Pr^3＋／TiO2质量比计），焙烧温度为600℃时，制得粉体的光催化活性最佳．Pr^3＋掺杂强烈地抑制TiO2由锐钛矿相向金红石相的转变，减小晶粒尺寸，增大比表面积，增加表面羟基和吸附氧的含量，提高光生电子和空穴的分离效率，改善粉体表面的光吸收性能，上述因素均有利于光催化活性的提高．