Characteristics and formation mechanism of porosities in CFRP during laser joining of CFRP and steel

An experimental investigation on the mechanism of porosity formation during the laser joining of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) and steel is presented. The porosity morphology and distribution were characterized by optical and scanning electron microscopy, and the thermal pyrolysis behaviors were investigated by thermal analysis and designed back-side cooling experiments. The results show that there are two types of porosities in CFRP. Porosity I only appears when the heat input is more than 77.8 J/mm. It has a smooth inner wall and distributes near the bonding interface between CFRP and steel at the central area of melted zone, which is caused by gaseous products such as CO₂, NH₃, H₂O, and hydrocarbons produced by the pyrolysis of CFRP. Porosity II can be seen under all joining conditions. It has a rough inner wall and distributes far away from the bonding interface, concentrating at the final solidification locations. Porosity II is caused by the shrinkage of melted CFRP during solidification stage.     

Effects of hydrolysis of precursor on the structures and properties of polymer-derived SiBN ceramic fibers

In this paper, polyborosilazane precursor was synthesied from HMDZ, HSiCl₃, BCl₃ and CH₃NH₂ using a multistep method. By controlling the storage conditions, parts of the polyborosilazane fibers were hydrolyzed. FT-IR, NMR, XRD, TEM and monofilament tensile strength test were employed to study the effects of hydrolysis of precursor on the structures and properties of polymer-derived SiBN ceramic fibers. FT-IR and NMR results indicate that Si-N group in PBSZ reacts with H₂O to form Si-O-Si group. After pyrolysis reaction at 1400℃, Si-O-Si group will finally transformed into highly ordered cristobalite and β-quartz, resulting in formation of the wrinkled surface of the obtained SiBN ceramic fiber. The strip-like defects on fiber surface, according to monofilament tensile strength test, had a significant effect on mechanical property of the obtained SiBN ceramic fiber and caused no increase in fiber tensile strength of hydrolytic polyborosilazane fiber before and after pyrolytic process.     

Analysis on quantifiable and controllable assembly technology for aeronautical thin-walled structures

Assembly affects the product's performance and reliability directly. The current assembly method based on geometric deviation quantity controlling, cannot guarantee the physical performance for complex aeronautical thin-walled structures effectively, such as assembly geometry accuracy and internal interactive stress. And assembly performance controlling is taken as the bottleneck problem that restricting the new aviation requirement of sub-millimeter assembly. In this paper, by proposing the accurate prediction and process-oriented adjustment&controlling strategies on assembly quality, construction on working mode with “quantifiable and controllable” characteristic was proposed, whose aim was to reduce the phenomenon of out-of-tolerance and deformation rebound error, and the ultimate goal is to reduce the uncertainty of assembly performance parameters. At the technical level, the academic development context and existing problems for assembling thin-walled structures were reviewed and analyzed, such as assembly process parameters optimization, assembly error transfer and accumulation, comprehensive adjustment on assembly quality, and virtual assembly simulation validation. Then the key future research trends for aeronautical structure assembly were also put forward, i.e. the force/deformation coordination among multi-type finite units for non-ideal assemblies, the dynamic construction of stiffness matrix for intermediate assemblies considering geometric nonlinearity, the adaptive balance on assembly performance driven by physical modeling and measured data, and the inverse optimization on assembly quality and parameters with intelligent data processing. This paper would lay a solid foundation for achieving the accurate assembly mode with the characteristics of “intelligent/scientific, and active/collaborative controlling on geometric shape and physical performance”, and higher assembly quality and efficiency could also be gained.     

Oxygen partial pressure dependence of the structural properties of CdO thin films deposited by a modified reactive vacuum evaporation process

Thin films of cadmium oxide were thermally deposited on glass substrates at partial pressures of oxygen, pO₂ in the range 1.33×10⁻² to 0.133 Pa at a substrate temperature of 160 °C. Energy dispersive analysis of X-ray fluorescence (EDAX) revealed that the CdO films deposited at pO₂ value of 4.00×10⁻² Pa were nearly stoichiometric. X-ray diffractometry (XRD) confirmed the polycrystalline nature of the film structure. All the films showed an fcc structure of the NaCl-type, as the dominant phase. The films exhibited preferred orientation along the (1 1 1) diffraction plane. The texture coefficients calculated for the various planes at different oxygen partial pressures (pO₂) indicated that the maximum preferred orientation of the films occurred along the (1 1 1) plane at an oxygen partial pressure of 4.00×10⁻² Pa. This was interpreted in terms of oxygen chemisorption and desorption processes. The lattice parameters determined from the diffraction peaks were in the range 4.655–4.686 Å. The average lattice parameter a₀ found by extrapolation using the Nelson–Riley function was 4.696 Å. Both the lattice parameter and the crystallite size were found to increase with increased partial pressure of oxygen. On the other hand, the strain and dislocation density were found to decrease as the partial pressure of oxygen was raised. A maximum (80%) in the optical transmittance at λ=600 nm and minimum in the electrical resistivity (9.1×10⁻⁴ Ω cm) of the films occurred at an optimum partial pressure of oxygen of 4.00×10⁻² Pa. The results are discussed.     

Assembly language design and development for reconfigurable flexible assembly line

To improve the efficiency and controllability of our previous proposed cross-category product assembly line, we design an assembly language (A-code) to express a product's assembly process. We further develop an IDE to describe assembly processes as statements, which are organized according to predefined syntax as an A-code file. The interpreter translates statements into executable low-level commands. In addition, a four-layer architecture of the A-code assembly system (ACAS) is proposed to implement this language, thus an A-code files can be run on the assembly line physically. The proposed ACAS can reconfigure each unit for specific products, and control their assembly processes. The expressivity of this language is validated in two assembly cases, a simple shuttle valve and a complex relief valve. The functionality and feasibility of this system are tested by assembling 50 relief valves. The results demonstrate our ACAS can perform complex assembly tasks in a more efficient way.     

铝合金搅拌摩擦焊焊核紊流区及性能分析

采用搅拌摩擦焊方法对2219-T6铝合金进行焊接,对焊接接头的宏观形貌、微观组织、抗拉强度进行了分析,并通过对焊核塑性金属的流动状态进行分析,研究了搅拌摩擦焊接头强度弱化的原因. 结果表明,焊核根据流态可分为3个不同的区域,其中靠前进侧存在一个性能薄弱的B区域,该区的产生是抽吸挤压作用不平衡的结果,也是塑性金属向上回流通道. 该区具有较大的塑性损伤,易产生疏松缺陷及界面突变,晶粒具有较大的热不稳定性,是造成接头强度低于母材的主要原因之一. 通过高温短时的再结晶热处理工艺可以恢复该区域的强韧性,消除弱化问题.     

高硅铝合金T/R盒体激光封焊应力分析及优化设计

采用有限元软件MSC. Marc对高硅铝合金盒体焊接残余应力和真空服役状态下的内压应力进行分析,提出了封装盒体的优化设计方法. 考察了盒体形状、尺寸和盖板厚度对内压应力的影响规律,结果证明,内压应力随着短边边长的增大而增大,随着盖板厚度的提高而减少,基本不受长边边长变化的影响,指出窄长型盒体是提高盒体面积和降低内压应力进而提高可靠性的发展方向. 分析了试验用盒体的内压应力和残余应力叠加后的服役应力特点并进行了可靠性分析,指出内压应力和焊接应力的最大应力不在同一方向上,叠加后的等效应力小于两者加和. 讨论了盒体的极限尺寸,验证了试验用盒体服役状态下是可靠的.     

超高频脉冲电流作用下纳米Al2O3颗粒对Mg-Gd-Y-Zr合金微弧氧化涂层的影响

目的 进一步提高Mg-Gd-Y-Zr合金微弧氧化涂层的耐腐蚀性能。方法 采用超高频微弧氧化技术在含有Al2O3纳米颗粒的溶液中制备了微弧氧化涂层。利用扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)、能谱仪(EDS)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)对微弧氧化涂层的表面形貌、截面形貌、成分和晶体结构进行分析。利用极化曲线和电化学阻抗谱(EIS)测试了涂层的耐腐蚀性能。结果 频率由0.5 kHz提升至20 kHz后,涂层表面放电孔洞面积由0.07~24.4 μm²降低至0.08~6.3 μm²,涂层的孔隙率由6.47%减小至3.35%。Al2O3纳米颗粒的添加使超高频涂层表面形成大量自封闭孔洞结构,进而进一步降低了涂层表面的孔径面积(0.1~ 4.63 μm²)和孔隙率(0.97%)。极化试验表明,提高频率至20 kHz,涂层的自腐蚀电流密度由4.7×10^‒6 A/cm²降低至4.7×10^‒7 A/cm² ,添加 Al2O3纳米颗粒,涂层的自腐蚀电流密度进一步降低至1.7×10^‒7 A/cm²,表明其耐蚀性能显著提高。阻抗谱显示,20 kHz-Al涂层具有最大的阻抗,说明该工艺可有效提高微弧氧化涂层的耐蚀性能。 结论 超高频可有效降低放电孔洞尺寸,提高微弧氧化涂层的致密性,改善涂层的耐腐蚀性能。超高频与Al2O3纳米粒子的协同作用使涂层表面形成自封闭孔洞结构,进一步提高微弧氧化涂层的致密性和耐腐蚀性能。     

Thermodynamics of the massive,bainitic and martensitic transformations in FeC,FeNi,FeCr and FeCu alloys

The γ → α transformation in pure iron and iron alloys with dilute alloying elements is a five-staged process, each stage has its own transformation-start temperature and transformation product: the first and second stages are a massive-type and a bainitic-type transformation respectively, while the subsequent stages (3, 4 and 5) are martensitic transformations. Thermodynamic calculation reveals that the driving force varies linearly with the transformation-start temperature for each stage of the transformation in FeC, FeNi, FeCr and FeCu alloys. Based on the linear relations, the calculated M_a, B_s and M_s are in good agreement with experimental points.     

激光摆动焊接工艺参数对不锈钢焊缝成形与气孔率的影响

采用激光摆动焊接实现了5 mm厚1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢的焊接,获得成形良好、低气孔率的接头.分析了焊接速度、摆动幅值、摆动频率、摆动形式对焊缝成形和气孔率的影响,从匙孔、熔池流动、气泡逸出的角度揭示了工艺参数影响气孔率的主要机理. 结果表明,对于5 mm厚不锈钢激光摆动焊接,适当提高焊接速度和摆动幅值,更利于减小气孔率;激光摆动频率在100 ~ 300 Hz可以兼顾较低气孔率和较好的焊缝成形;“8”形摆动激光可以获得相对较优的焊缝成形,焊缝气孔率最低,达到2.94%;而线性摆动激光获得焊缝成形最差,气孔率最高,达到19.13%.