Investigation on phase shifting for a 4 K Stirling pulse tube cryocooler with He-3 as working fluid

He-3 is generally recognized for its ability to provide more excellent thermophysical performance than He-4, especially in the 4 K temperature range. However, this was not always the case in our preliminary experiments on a three-stage Stirling-type pulse tube cryocooler (SPTC). Our ongoing studies, as reported in this paper, demonstrate that the different working fluids also affect the performance through their phase shifting capability. This feature has been passed over in large part by researchers considering refrigerant substitution. Unlike previous theoretical analyses that focus primarily on regenerator losses, this report investigates the effects of the working fluid on the phase angle at the cold end in order to quantitatively reveal the relationship between the lowest attainable temperature and the cooling capacity. The analysis agrees well with our experimental results on a three-stage SPTC. While running with the operating parameters optimized for He-3, the lowest temperature of the SPTC decreased from 5.4 K down to 4.03 K. This is the lowest refrigeration temperature ever achieved with a three-stage SPTC.     

350MW超临界锅炉螺旋水冷壁壁温特性研究

针对林州热电厂350MW超临界锅炉水冷壁温度特性,采用有限容积法对矩形鳍片膜式水冷壁进行温度场分布的数值计算,分析了炉膛下部螺旋管圈的温度分布特性.计算研究表明:螺旋管圈水冷壁温度随着炉膛高度的升高而增大,最高温度出现在水冷壁向火侧或者鳍端,最高温度小于440℃,低于金属许用温度;随着锅炉负荷的升高,管壁最高温度及周向最大温差显著增大.在炉膛宽度上,各管间温度差、焓值差及亚临界压力下的干度差均很小,但其值随着热负荷的增大而增大,表明螺旋管圈水冷壁可有效消除热偏差.     

Henry characteristics for finite adsorption on single adsorbent pellets

A theoretical model is presented describing single component adsorption and desorption kinetics in non-isothermal gas phase adsorption systems which takes into account a finite exchange rate between pore fluid and adsorbed phase. For the exchange mechanism a Henry formulation is assumed, while the pore diffusion model is used to quantify intraparticle mass transport. Applying the model equations for the calculation of single pellet adsorption kinetics of water vapour on activated carbon it may be seen that the assumption of instantaneous establishment of adsorption equilibrium within the pore system is justified. Slight deviations from equilibrium preferentially occur in the initial adsorption period.     

Hydrodynamic and heat transfer properties of magnetic fluid in porous medium considering nanoparticle shapes and magnetic field-dependent viscosity

The purpose of this paper is to study the characteristics of the combined convection heat transfer and a micropolar nanofluid flow passing through an impermeable stretching sheet in a porous medium. The nanofluid flow field is affected by a magnetic field perpendicular to the sheet. The dynamic viscosity of the micropolar nanofluid changes under the influence of the magnetic field. The continuity, linear momentum, angular momentum, and energy equations are first simplified using the order of magnitude technique that, along with the applied boundary conditions and the definition of the appropriate parameters, are transferred to the similarity space using the similarity analysis. Then the resulting equations are solved using the Runge–Kutta method.The distinction of the macroscale and microscale flow fields and temperature fields resulting from different nanoparticle shapes was clarified. Increasing the Hartmann number, the vortex viscosity parameter, the magnetic parameter, the nanoparticle volume fraction, and the permeability parameter of the porous media increased the surface friction on the sheet. Increasing the vortex viscosity parameter, the magnetic parameter, and the volume fraction of the nanoparticles increases the Nusselt number.     

超临界循环流化床锅炉垂直并联内螺纹管内两相流不稳定性的研究

针对600 MW超临界循环流化床(CFB)锅炉水冷壁管在低质量流速条件下的水动力特性,进行了垂直并联内螺纹管内两相流不稳定性的试验研究,得到了不同条件下的水动力特性曲线和压力降、密度波2种脉动的典型脉动曲线.在试验参数范围内,分析了系统压力、质量流速、进1:2过冷度和上游可压缩容积对两相流不稳定性的影响.根据试验结果,采用均相流模型得到了不稳定发生的界限关系式,为超临界CFB锅炉垂直并联内螺纹管水冷壁的设计与安全运行提供了依据.     

In-tube passive heat transfer enhancement in the process industry

Enhanced heat transfer surfaces are used in heat exchangers to improve performance and to decrease system volume and cost. In-tube heat transfer enhancement usually takes the form of either micro-fin tubes (of the helical micro-fin or herringbone varieties), or of helical wire inserts. Despite a substantial increase in heat transfer, these devices also cause non-negligible pressure drops.By making use of well-proven flow pattern maps for smooth tubes and the new ones for smooth and enhanced tubes, it is shown from the refrigerant condensation data that flow patterns have a strong influence on heat transfer and pressure drop. This is done for data obtained from in-tube condensation experiments for mass fluxes ranging from 300 to 800 kg/m² s at a saturation temperature of 40 °C, for refrigerants R-22, R-134a, and R-407C. The flow regimes, pressure drops, heat transfer coefficients, and the overall performance of three different tubes, namely a smooth-, 18° helical micro-fin-, and a herringbone micro-fin tube (each having a nominal diameter of 9.51 mm), are presented and compared to the performance of smooth tubes with helical wire inserts (with pitches of 5 mm, 7.77 mm and 11 mm corresponding to helical angles of 78.2°, 72°, and 65.3°, respectively).     

The impact of temperature on mean local air age and thermal comfort in a stratum ventilated office

The influence of the supply air temperature on the mean local air age and thermal comfort of a typical individual office under stratum ventilation is investigated by a numerical method, which is validated by an experiment carried out by the authors. The results show that for an office, when the supply air temperature is increased from 19 °C to 21 °C, the corresponding mean occupied zone temperature rises from 24.5 °C to 26.5 °C. The inhaled air quality for the occupant is improved when supply air temperature rises from 19 °C to 21 °C. Also, the thermal comfort indices (predicted mean vote or PMV, predicted percentage of dissatisfied or PPD and predicted dissatisfied or PD) fulfill the requirements of ISO 7730 and CR 175 1998. For summer cooling operation, stratum ventilation may offer a feasible solution to elevated indoor temperatures, which are recommended by several governments in East Asia.     

Simultaneous production of electricity and hydrogen from methanol solution with a new electrochemical technology

It is known that the reaction from methanol to hydrogen has a positive Gibbs free energy and therefore cannot occur spontaneously. In the present work, by utilizing the chemical energy of neutralization, a new electrochemical technology was developed to produce hydrogen and electricity from methanol solution simultaneously, without needing external energy input. In our designed electrochemical cell, hydrogen can be produced on cathode while methanol can be oxidized on anode with additional electricity production. The effect of anode surface area on hydrogen production rate and power output was also investigated. With anode apparent surface area of 6.15 cm², initial hydrogen production rate can reach up to 1.07 m³ H₂ m⁻³ d⁻¹ and the maximum power density output of 1.26 W m⁻² can be achieved, at the same time. Although it is only a preliminary work, our work is supposed to provide a new approach for the on-board hydrogen production for the application of various fuel cell technologies, which is urgently needed nowadays.