Computer simulation of carbon nanotube pull-out from polymer by the molecular dynamics method

The influence of the polymer matrix density, chemical cross-links in the interface, and geometrical defect in the carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on the CNT pull-out from polymer has been analyzed by the molecular dynamics simulation. The interfacial shear strength (ISS) has also been estimated with the change of total potential energy. In the simulation, the crystalline polyethylene matrix is set up in a hexagonal array with the polymer chains parallel to the CNT axis. First, we investigate the effect of the polymer matrix density on the ISS by changing the distance between the chains. Simulated results show that the ISS increases with the increase of matrix density. Next, we examine the cross-link effect on the ISS by adding polyethylene cross-links in the interface. Here, an energy based switching criterion addressing cross-links traveling on the CNT has been proposed. It is found that the presence of cross-links and the cross-link positions affect the ISS. Finally, pentagon–heptagon defect, which reduces the tensile strength of the CNT and has been experimentally observed by Hashimoto et al. [Hashimoto A, Suenaga K, Gloter A, Urita K, Iijima S. Direct evidence for atomic defects in graphene layers. Nature 2004;430:870–3], has been addressed as a geometrical defect in the CNT. When cross-links are present between the CNT and the polymer, this defect reduces the ISS due to the improper connections of cross-links around this defective region.     

Protocol engineering for web services conversations

Although web services aim to bring about seamless and effective communication in a wide variety of Internet applications, the interactions between them are currently limited to simple request–response exchanges. However, in the longer term we believe this is unsustainable. In particular, we believe that more complex protocols for web service conversations are necessary if the participants are to tailor their needs and offers to the prevailing context and they are to coordinate multiple services in open and realistic environments. To this end, this paper combines and extends two recent web service languages, WS-Conversation Language (WSCL) and WS-Agreement, in order to obtain a method for engineering protocols of sufficient expressiveness for the next generation of flexible and autonomous services. Specifically, we propose that the protocols include speech-acts as the individual messages and we show how to model such speech-acts as WS-Agreement schemas, which can, in turn, be imported into the specification of the protocols in WSCL. To demonstrate our approach, we express a standard contracting protocol in the extended WSCL/WS-Agreement languages. Furthermore, we use statechart notation as a visual counterpart to help developers write clients that flexibly interact with a service and to help users to better understand how to interact with a service. Finally, we show that the translation between statecharts and WSCL/WS-Agreement protocols is straightforward.     

内张钢圈加固盾构隧道的多环有限元模拟研究

内张钢圈作为传统的管片加固方法,用以应对盾构隧道处于不良工况下出现的结构破坏和变形过大等问题。在考虑环间力的作用下,运用MIDAS GTS NX对三环盾构管片进行精细化模拟,从管片的累计横向变形、错台以及构件塑性发展情况等方面衡量内张钢圈的加固效果。研究结果表明,管片的最大变形出现在腰部,加固后管片的累计横向变形可减小50%,管片整体未进入塑性状态;管片的最大错台出现在中环邻接块和标准块的接缝处,加固后最大错台大幅减小;内张钢圈加固法可延缓管片构件进入塑性和破坏状态,且有效降低环间作用力对中环管片的影响。     

广西客家民居生土技术的研究与应用

介绍了广西客家民居的特色,对居民特色营造技术进行了论述,将之与现代建筑技术对比,研究了客家民居常用的三合土夯土墙和土坯砖,解决了传统建筑材料土坯砖、夯土墙是否可以用于现代建筑的疑问。     

某公路U型桥台病害原因分析及加固设计

采用ANSYS软件建立了桥台三维有限元模型,研究了裂缝成因及加固措施,结果表明:桥台在设计荷载作用下的受力状态良好,强度满足要求,通过采取桥台填料换填、注浆以及桥台前墙加固,并改造路面搭板等措施,达到了预期的加固效果。     

Dynamic behavior of reinforced clayey sand under cyclic loading

Experimental investigations and modeling of linear elasticity of fiber-reinforced clayey sand under cyclic loading unloading are conducted in this paper. Experimental studies are focused on four aspects. First, a series of cyclic triaxial tests, with different confining pressures and deviator stress ratios up to 150 cycles, are performed. Impacts of fiber content, cell pressure, deviator stress ratio and loading unloading repetition that affect dynamic behavior of the composite material are discussed. It is shown that shear modulus decreases with increasing deviator stress ratio at high confining pressure and the rate of loss of shear modulus found to be much lower for fiber reinforced specimens. Other results show that increase of shear modulus with loading repetition is more pronounced at higher deviator stress ratios. Second, the optimum fiber content is experimented under cyclic loading unloading and is expressed as a power function of deviatoric stress ratio. It is shown that optimum fiber content is not constant and it is affected by deviator stress ratio. Third, a function is introduced to describe the linear stress–strain curve under cyclic loading unloading using equivalent linear analysis. The shear modulus G is expressed as a function of fiber content, confining pressure, deviatoric stress ratio and loading repetition. Finally constitutive coefficients of the model parameters are calibrated by the results of cyclic triaxial shear tests and using the linear regression.     

Tribological performance of carbon nanotube–graphene oxide hybrid/epoxy composites

An investigation is conducted on the effect of the hybrid of multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets on the tribological performance of epoxy composites at low GO weight fractions of 0.05–0.5 phr. The MWCNT amount is kept constant at 0.5 phr, which is typical for CNT/epoxy composites with enhanced mechanical properties. Friction and wear tests against smooth steel show that the introduction of 0.5 phr MWCNTs into the epoxy matrix increases the friction coefficient and decreases the specific wear rate. When testing the tribological performance of MWCNT/GO hybrids, it is shown that at a high GO amount of 0.5 phr, the friction coefficient is decreased below that of the neat matrix whereas the wear rate is increased above that of the neat matrix. At an optimal hybrid formulation, i.e., 0.5 phr MWCNTs and 0.1 phr GO, a further increase in the friction coefficient and a further reduction in the specific wear rate are observed. The specific wear rate is reduced by about 40% down to a factor of 11 relative to the neat epoxy when the GO content is 0.1 phr.     

The compressive responses of glass fiber composite pyramidal truss cores sandwich panel at different temperatures

A new method for fabricating glass fiber composite sandwich panel with pyramidal truss cores was developed based on the vacuum assisted resin transfer molding technology. The microstructure and organizations of fabricated sandwich panels were examined by the scanning electron microscope. The out-of-plane compressive tests of composite sandwich panels were performed throughout the temperature range from −60 °C to 125 °C. Then the effects of temperature on the compressive strength, compressive modulus and failure mechanism were investigated and analyzed. Our results indicated that cryogenic temperature resulted in the increasing of the compressive modulus and strength, while high temperature caused the degradation of the compressive modulus and strength. The effect of temperature on failure mode of composite sandwich panel was also observed. Analytical expressions were presented to predict the compressive modulus and strength of composite sandwich panels at different temperatures.     

Investigation of temperature effect on the mechanical properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes

A temperature-related higher-order gradient continuum theory is proposed for predicting the mechanical properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) at various temperatures. It is found that the axial elastic moduli of zigzag (21, 0), armchair (12, 12) and chiral (15, 9) SWCNTs with similar radii approach 0.7 TPa when T = 0 K, but decline slightly on different slopes. These results indicate that the temperature effect influences the axial Young moduli of zigzag SWCNTs less than those of the other types. Moreover, the parameters λ₁ and λ₂ corresponding to the uniform longitudinal and circumferential stretches at different temperatures are also examined, and the results show that with an increasing temperature, all SWCNTs are stretched in the longitudinal direction, while in the circumferential direction, only the zigzag SWCNTs are stretched, whereas the others are compressed.     

An Understanding of the Width Effect in FRP–Concrete Debonding

Abstract: The scaling of the ultimate load in fibre‐reinforced polymer (FRP)–concrete debonding with the relative width of the FRP is experimentally investigated in this paper. Shear debonding tests are performed to evaluate the cohesive stress transfer between the adherents during the interface crack growth which produces debonding. Concrete specimens with two different widths and different widths of FRP are used in the experimental programme. The nominal stress at debonding increases with the FRP‐to‐concrete width ratio. For a given width of FRP composite sheet, lower debonding stress is obtained from concrete specimens with a larger width. The strain distribution on the FRP and concrete free surface at different stages of debonding was determined using a full‐field optical technique known as digital image correlation. The contribution of the two factors, the boundary effect and the restraint from the surrounding concrete, was studied from the measured strain distribution. The strain distributions across the FRP composite sheet and the concrete within the cohesive stress transfer zone associated with the interface crack are shown to be very inhomogeneous. A region of constant width associated with high shear strains is found at the edge of the FRP sheet during the entire debonding process. The increase in the ultimate nominal stress at debonding is shown to be due to the decrease in the proportion of the total width of the FRP occupied by the edge region. It is shown that the boundary region within the FRP is of a fixed width. The width of concrete close to the edge of the FRP involved in stress transfer, however, increases with the width of FRP. It is established that when the FRP‐to‐concrete width ratio is smaller than 0.5, the level of restraint from concrete increases with the FRP width.