面向新时代水利新形势的水利类本科专业的建设与改革——基于工程教育专业认证的思考

新时代的治水方针和水利工程补短板、水利行业强监管的水利改革发展总基调对水利科技人才培养提出了多样化的需求。为适应需求,在列举专业认证对水利类专业建设与改革的促进以及分析尚存不足的基础上,提出了应通过加强学习、深入思考和顶层设计以加快推进专业建设与改革,并建议从着力培养复合型人才、加快培养模式改革、推进课程体系与课程设置改革、加强实践教学体系建设、创新课程与师资队伍建设、强化校企合作与产教融合、改进教育教学方式方法、完善质量保证体系等八方面加以实施。     

大流量进水工况下主隧系统水气运动特性

为给深层隧道排水系统工程的主隧系统结构设计和工况控制提供依据,采用数值模拟与物理模型试验相结合的方法,建立与物理模型体型结构相同,包含两竖井和相连主隧段的主隧系统三维数值模型,利用该数值模型对两种大流量极端工况下的进水过程进行三维动态数值模拟。结果表明:主隧系统在大流量下的进水过程可归纳为水流从两端竖井进入主隧,水流碰撞形成液面波并在主隧内相互碰撞叠加,主隧下游、上游侧端口先后被封堵,以及进流停止这4个阶段;进水流量主要影响主隧系统端口封堵程度、滞气现象和进水各阶段进程时间,流量越大,主隧端口的水流封堵、滞气现象越严重,进水过程各阶段进程时间也大幅缩短。     

土工膜界面动力剪切特性数值模拟及应用

利用改装的土石料大型剪切仪对土工膜-砂砾石界面开展循环剪切试验,获得土工膜界面在不同竖向压力下的滞回曲线、主干线和阻尼比曲线,建立相应的剪切劲度和等效阻尼比数学模型。在此基础上对循环剪切试验开展有限元数值模拟,所得计算结果与试验值总体吻合较好,合理反映了土工膜界面循环剪切过程的非线性和滞后性,验证了所建土工膜界面本构模型的正确性。进一步将模型应用于土工膜防渗土石坝的抗震分析中,计算得到的坝面土工膜的动位移、加速度、动主拉应变和动主拉应力符合一般规律,表明所建本构模型用于土工膜防渗土石坝抗震分析是正确可行的。     

船闸末级闸首超长输水廊道泄水水力特性数值模拟

拟建的三峡枢纽水运新通道船闸末级闸室超长输水廊道运行水头高、输水量大、输水时间短、输水距离长,水流具有强非恒定性,保障其安全运行非常重要,故对高水头船闸末级闸首超长输水廊道的阀门开启过程的非恒定水动力特性进行数值模拟,研究不同输水廊道长度、不同阀门开启时间下,闸室流量过程、闸室水位过程、阀门井水位过程等水力要素的变化规律和影响因素。研究表明:船闸末级闸首输水廊道长度加长会增加惯性超降值、增长惯性超降波动周期、延长泄水时长、降低闸室水位升降速度,同时减少阀门开启过程中阀门井水位降落值;加快阀门开启速率会减少泄水时长、增加闸室水位升降速度、减少阀门开启过程中阀门井水位降落值。研究结果可供三峡枢纽水运新通道末级闸首超长泄水廊道设计参考。     

通州湾规划港区对台风暴潮的冲淤响应研究

基于ADCIRC+SWAN模式和Delft3D+SWAN模式建立双层嵌套的通州湾及周边海域的水沙动力数学模型。根据路径特征将影响通州湾的所有台风分为５类,选取每类的代表性台风驱动模型,模拟不同类型台风期间通州湾规划港区及周边水道沙洲系统的泥沙冲淤情况,剖析水道沙洲系统对台风暴潮的响应。结果表明:台风造成的通州湾规划港区及周边水道沙洲冲淤变化总体不大,在±0.40 m以内;北侧掠过型和东侧掠过型台风引起的海域冲淤相对较大;从空间分布上看,三港池口门附近及口外航道内容易淤积,腰沙、冷家沙浅滩区容易侵蚀。风暴期间港区北部冷家沙外侧水道出现严重淤积,原冷家沙浅滩区出现显著侵蚀,虽然一场风暴过程的冲淤量不足以影响港口运营及通航,但需注意长期时间尺度上对总体冲淤趋势的影响。     

基于声发射监测的不同加卸荷路径下砂岩破坏前兆信息研究

为了研究岩爆的孕育演化过程,采用砂岩开展了一系列加卸荷试验,在此过程中利用声发射系统监测岩石破裂的孕育演化过程。试验结果表明,随着围压的增大,方案Ｉ声发射的平静期变得更加明显,裂纹扩展过程由小裂纹的萌生向裂纹聚集过渡。因此声发射平静期可以看作是常规三轴压缩条件下试样破坏的前兆信息。低围压条件下,应力比为０．８～１．０时,剪切带的形成导致试样脆性破坏,不同应力路径下分形值迅速下降。这一阶段声发射的分形值可以用来研究试样在不同应力路径下的破坏前兆。方案Ⅱ的分形值递减率最高,方案Ⅲ次之,方案Ⅰ的分形值递减率最低。在高围压条件下,当时间比大于０．８时,卸荷路径下砂岩试样的分形值迅速降低,表明随时间比变化的分形值可以用于高围压条件下岩石破坏的预测。     

中小流域时空变源混合产流模型及参数区域化方法研究

针对山丘区中小流域洪水预报面临的产流机制混合多变和模型参数难以获取的问题,提出了适用于缺资料地区的中小流域时空变源混合产流模型和基于机器学习CART的参数区域化方法。在小流域地貌水文响应单元划分基础上,利用GARTO非饱和下渗计算模型,从超渗/蓄满机制的平面混合、垂向混合和时段混合三个方面构建时空变源混合产流模型,并采用机器学习CART方法进行模型参数区域化研究。选取不同地貌类型区的15个流域和河南省19个小流域实测降雨径流资料分别对模型适用性和参数区域化方法进行了验证。结果表明,通过与国内外8个水文模型的对比验证,时空变源混合产流模型模拟平均纳什系数为0.78,比其他模型提高约20%;利用本模型和CART参数区域化方法在河南省19个流域计算的平均纳什系数为0.70,比参数随机移植结果提高了35%,本模型和参数区域化方法在山丘区中小流域洪水模拟中应用效果较好。     

Comparison of soil moisture at different depths for drought monitoring based on improved soil moisture anomaly percentage index

To better understand the characteristics and mechanisms of droughts at different drought stages, this study selected the Xiangjiang River Basin in China as the study area, and evaluated soil moisture (SM) at different depths for drought monitoring, through SM data simulated with the variable infiltration capacity (VIC) model. To solve the problem of unreasonable drought/wetness classifications based on the soil moisture anomaly percentage index (SMAPI), an improved soil moisture anomaly percentage index (ISMAPI) was developed by introducing the Box–Cox transformation. The drought/wetness frequency generated by ISMAPI demonstrated preferable spatial comparability in comparison with those from SMAPI. The lag time of ISMAPI relative to the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index was closely related to soil depth, and was characterized by a fast response in shallow soil layers and a relatively slow response in deep soil layers. SM in shallow soil layers provided a measure for monitoring short-term droughts, whereas SM in deep soil layers provided a better measure for long-term persistent drought events. Furthermore, the occurrence and mitigation time of drought events identified by SM in deep soil layers usually lagged behind that identified by SM in shallow soil layers. Compared with deep SM, SM in shallow soil layers responded faster to meteorological anomalies, thereby resulting in shorter periods of SM persistence in shallow soil layers than in deep soil layers. This can explain the differences of SM at different depths in drought monitoring.     

An environmental flow method applied in small and medium-sized mountainous rivers

In small and medium-sized mountainous rivers, there are usually hydropower stations in upper reaches as well as widened and heightened river sections in downstream reaches that are close to settlements. The environmental flow (EF) ensures river connectivity and the survival of aquatic organisms. The Tennant and wetted perimeter methods were used to calculate the minimum EF, and the R2CROSS criteria were used to evaluate the rationality of hydraulic parameters. The result shows that downstream areas with large cross-sections may suffer from shallow water depths, insufficient wetted perimeters, and poor overall connectivity of the water bodies, even under the standard EF discharges. A novel method was proposed to ensure EF and sustain suitable hydraulic conditions. The minimum EF calculated by the Tennant method is adopted as the design flow, and a small trapezoidal trough channel is excavated on the wide riverbed of an artificial river section. The width and depth of the small channel are calculated with Manning's equation. As a study case, this method was applied in the Fenglingang River in Zhejiang Province of China. A trapezoidal groove with a depth of 0.74 m and a bottom width of 0.52 m was excavated in the center of Fenglingang River to sustain EF and maintain river connectivity. This small channel not only prevents the river from cutoff, but also enables the water depth and wetted perimeter to meet the demand of aquatic organisms.     

A factor mining model with optimized random forest for concrete dam deformation monitoring

The unique structure of a dam complicates safety monitoring. Deformation can provide important information about dam evolution. In contrast to model prediction, actual dam response monitoring data can be used for diagnosis and early warning. Given the poor data mining ability of the conventional methods, it is essential to develop a method for extracting the factors influencing a dam. In this study, a data mining method and a model for evaluation of concrete dam deformation were developed using the evidence theory and a random forest. The model has the advantages of being easily understood, visualization with low complexity of training time, and accurate prediction. The model was applied to an actual concrete dam. The results indicated that the proposed random forest model could be used in analysis of concrete dams.