Demineralization of a UK bituminous coal using HF and ferric ions

A UK bituminous coal has been used to study demineralization by two-stage chemical leaching. The first-stage uses hydrofluoric acid (HF) at 65 °C and reduces the ash content from 5.30 wt% to 1.37 wt% by mainly removing Al and Si containing minerals. Subsequent leaching by ferric ions decreases the ash content further to 990 ppm by removing most of the pyrite and fluorides formed during the HF leaching. Calorific value of the coal shows no change following leaching, which suggests no oxidation is occurring to the coal carbonaceous matrix. The mercury and sulfur contents after the two-stage leaching sequence decrease by 40% and 26%, respectively.     

Investigation of LSM/8YSZ cathode within an all-ceramic SOFC,Part II: Optimization of performance and co-sinterability

This paper focuses on the cathode and current collector layers of a co-sintered, all-ceramic solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) concept. Challenges to reach good electrochemical performance have to be overcome, due to more demanding manufacturing conditions, including a relatively high co-sintering temperature. Master sintering curves show that the sintering activity of lanthanum strontium manganite (LSM) is significantly higher than that of 8-mol% yttria stabilized zirconia (8YSZ). By applying a double-layered cathode and a current collector with optimized microstructures the best electrochemical performance of the cathode is 0.26 $\mathrm{\Omega }$cm${}^2$ at 800 $°$C, evaluated from polarization resistances of 8YSZ electrolyte-supported symmetric cells post-sintered at 1150 $°$C $<T<1250$ $°$C. The cathode and current collector materials are adapted to fit the co-sintering process by adjustment of the paste compositions. Half-cells consisting of silicate mechanical support, LSM current collector, LSM mixed with 8YSZ composite cathode and 8YSZ electrolyte are co-sintered porous and defect-free at 1150 $°$C $<T<1250$ $°$C.     

Type-A zeolites with hydroxyapatite surface layers formed by an ion exchange reaction

To enhance adsorption of harmful ions on type-A zeolites (LTA), hydroxyapatite (HAp) thin layers were synthesized on the LTA surface by an ion exchange reaction of Ca²⁺ for NH₄⁺ under hydrothermal treatment. The temperatures and durations in the reactions were varied ranging from 25 to 200 °C and from 1 to 168 h. The samples synthesized were characterized by X-ray diffraction method (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Brunauer–Emmet–Teller method (BET). The structure of LTA was not destroyed by the hydrothermal treatments at 25 to 160 °C for 8 h and also at 120 °C for 1 to 72 h. The yield of HAp grown on the LTA surface, synthesized at 120 °C for 8 h, showed a maximum value of 0.82. The morphologies of HAp were dependent mainly on the temperatures. The specific surface area remained unchanged in the treatments at 25 to 40 °C for 8 h, as compared to the specific surface area of Ca-LTA, however up to 80 °C, the value decreased with an increase of exchange temperature.     

纳米钛酸锶钡分离原子吸收法测铬酸盐转化膜中铬形态

研究了铬酸盐转化膜中Cr(Ⅵ)和Cr(Ⅲ)的分离富集新方法。制备了纳米钛酸锶钡粉体。研究了该纳米粉体对铬酸盐转化膜中Cr(Ⅵ)和Cr(Ⅲ)的吸附性能。结果表明:钛酸锶钡粉体为棒状,平均粒径为36 nm;当pH≤2.0时,Cr(Ⅵ)可被纳米钛酸锶钡定量吸附,而Cr(Ⅲ)不被吸附;当pH>13.0时,Cr(Ⅲ)可被定量吸附,而Cr(Ⅵ)不被吸附。采用硫酸溶液褪膜,通过改变pH,实现Cr(Ⅵ)和Cr(Ⅲ)的分离富集,用火焰原子吸收测定。建立铬酸盐转化膜中Cr(Ⅵ)和Cr(Ⅲ)测定新方法,应用于镀锌板和镀镉板表面铬酸盐转化膜中Cr(Ⅵ)和Cr(Ⅲ)的测定,结果满意。     

固定化微生物细胞降解邻苯二甲酸二丁酯

The biodegradation of di-n-butyl phthalate （DBP） using immobilized microbial cells was carded out in an internal airlift loop reactor with ceramic honeycomb supports. A strain that is capable of degrading DBP was isolated from the activated sludge and identified as Bacillus sp. using 16S rDNA sequential analysis. Bacillus sp. could be rapidly attached onto the ceramic honeycomb supports. The immobilized cells could effectively degrade DBP in batch and continuous experiments. When the influent concentration of DBP was 50mg·L^-1, the effluent DBP reached less than lmg.L i with 6h hydraulic retention time （HRT） in continuous experiment. The immobilized microbial cells could grow and accumulate through the biodegradation of DBP, and the rate of degradation is accordingly increased. The possible pathway of DBP biodegradation using immobilized cells was tentatively proposed.     

Application of ultrafiltration hybrid membrane processes for reuse of secondary effluent

This study evaluates the factors affecting pretreatment conditions for hybrid UF membrane processes for reuse of secondary effluent from the sewage treatment plant. The experimental results obtained from the ultrafiltration (UF) membrane process showed that the particles of the size range between 0.2 and 1.2 μm caused a significant impact on membrane fouling in all cases even with or without the coagulation process. As pretreatment of UF membrane process, the coagulation significantly improved the permeate flux. Optimal flux improvement was seen at an alum dose of 50 mg/L. In addition, it was found that the permeate flux was least declined under the coagulation condition of charge neutralization (pH 5.0). Also, the powdered activated carbon (PAC) adsorption enhanced the permeate flux. Application of the direct filtration as a pretreatment of UF membrane process was also very effective in reducing the UF membrane fouling.     

Effect of calcination temperature on the characteristics of SO<Emphasis Type="Italic">sk</Emphasis>4/2-/TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> catalysts for the reduction of NO by NH<Subscript>3</Subscript>

The catalytic activity of sulfated titania (ST) calcined at a variety of temperatures has been investigated for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO by NH₃. The NO removal activity of ST catalyst mainly depends on its sulfur content, indicating critical role of sulfur species on the surface of TiO₂. The role of sulfur is mainly the formation of acid sites on the catalyst surface. The presence of both BrØnsted and Lewis acid sites on the surface of sulfated titania has been identified by IR study with the adsorption of NH₃ and pyridine on ST. The reduction of the intensity of IR bands representing BrØsted acid sites is more pronounced than that revealing Lewis acid sites as the calcination temperature increases. It has been further clarified by IR study of ST500 catalyst evacuated at a variety of temperatures. The NO removal activity also decreases with the increase of the catalyst calcination temperature. It simply reveals that BrØnsted acid sites induced by sulfate on the catalyst surface are primarily responsible for the enhancement of catalytic activity of ST catalyst containing sulfur for NO reduction by NH₃.     

Synthesis and swelling properties of poly[acrylamide-co-(crotonic acid)] superabsorbents

Superabsorbent polymers of acrylamide (AAm)/crotonic acid (CA) were synthesized by foamed polymerization in an aqueous solution of AAm with CA as a comonomer, initiated by an initiator couple of ammonium persulfate and N,N,N′N′-tetramethylethylenediamine. A crosslinking agent N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide, a foaming agent sodium bicarbonate, and a foam stabilizer, a triblock copolymer of polyoxyethylene/polyoxypropylene/polyoxyethylene, were used in the polymerization. The influences of the relative contents of CA, crosslinking agent, and initiator, on the swelling properties of the superabsorbent polymer systems were examined. The superabsorbent polymer synthesized with an AAm/CA ratio of 98:2 by mole, 0.5 wt.% of N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide and 1 wt.% of ammonium persulfate at 250 rpm and 50 °C for 30 min of polymerization time produced the highest water absorption of 211 ± 9 times its dried weight and could absorb water up to 162 ± 4 g g⁻¹ of the dry copolymer within 10 min. The electrochemical reaction for acrylamide–crotonic acid polymerization was investigated by cyclic voltammetry. The anodic current indicated that acrylamide acting as an electron donor whereas crotonic acid performed as an electron receiver, then providing the cathodic current. The diffusion of water into the superabsorbent polymer was non-Fickian (case II and anomalous). Acrylamide–crotonic acid superabsorbents containing various crosslinker concentrations had a water swelling in the range of 79–289 g g⁻¹. The diffusion coefficients varied between 6.9 × 10⁻⁹ and 5.1 × 10⁻⁸ cm² s⁻¹. Adsorption of the basic dye by the superabsorbent was a monolayer evaluated by the Langmuir isotherm. The superabsorbents can thus be used to adsorb cationic dyes in textile industry.     

In situ generation of hydrogen peroxide from reaction of O2 with hydroxylamine from hydroxylammonium salt in neutral aqueous or non-aqueous medium using reusable Pd/Al2O3 catalyst

In situ generation of H₂O₂ with high yield can be accomplished by reacting O₂ with NH₂OH from hydroxylammonium salt [NH₂OH · HCl or (NH₂OH)₂ · H₂SO₄] in a neutral aqueous medium using a reusable heterogeneous Pd (1.0 wt%)/Al₂O₃ catalyst, even at low temperature (10 °C), with the formation of harmless by-products (viz. N₂ and water). The presence of KCl or KBr in the medium has beneficial effect. The H₂O₂ generation is strongly influenced by the pH of medium, reaction period and temperature; best results are obtained at the optimum pH and reaction medium.     

低热固相合成磷酸铵铜微肥及信噪比控制合成

对合成缓溶磷酸铵铜多元微肥的新方法进行了研究，以聚乙二醇-400 （PEG-400）为模板，CuSO4•5H2O和(NH4)3PO4•3H2O为原料，用低热固相反应一步法成功合成得到磷酸铵铜。用产物XRD图谱数据计算得到的信噪比作为试验的考察指标，试验中应用了均匀设计试验法及数据挖掘技术，在数据挖掘成果的指导下进行了试验。试验结果表明，用最优工艺条件合成得到的产物为51nm的NH4CuPO4 ∙H2O。该合成方法除了得到微溶的磷酸铵铜外，还得可溶的硫酸铵或者硫酸氢铵，这些产物均是肥料，故在实际应用中，用本文的合成法合成磷酸铵铜微肥时，无需分离，其产物混合物就可以作为肥料作用了，不仅合成的工艺甚为简洁，而且生产过程没有废水的产生，无论是从工艺上，还是环保上均比液相法具有优势，是一种颇具工业应用前景的合成法。