JP-8 catalytic cracking for compact fuel processors

In processing heavier hydrocarbons such as military logistic fuels (JP-4, JP-5, JP-8, and JP-100), kerosene, gasoline, and diesel to produce hydrogen for fuel cell use, several issues arise. First, these fuels have high sulfur content, which can poison and deactivate components of the reforming process and the fuel cell stack; second, these fuels may contain non-volatile residue (NVR), up to 1.5 vol.%, which could potentially accumulate in a fuel processor; and third is the high coking potential of heavy hydrocarbons. Catalytic cracking of a distillate fuel prior to reforming can resolve these issues. Cracking using an appropriate catalyst can convert the various heavy organosulfur species in the fuel to lighter sulfur species such as hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), facilitating subsequent sulfur adsorption on zinc oxide (ZnO). Cracking followed by separation of light cracked gas from heavies effectively eliminates non-volatile aromatic species. Catalytic cracking can also convert heavier hydrocarbons to lights (C₁–C₃) at high conversion, which reduces the potential for coke formation in the reforming process. In this study, two types of catalysts were compared for JP-8 cracking performance: commercially-available zeolite materials similar to catalysts formulated for fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) processes, and a novel manganese/alumina catalyst, which was previously reported to provide high selectivity to lights and low coke yield. Experiments were designed to test each catalyst’s effectiveness under the high space velocity conditions necessary for use in compact, lightweight fuel processor systems. Cracking conversion results, as well as sulfur and hydrocarbon distributions in the light cracked gas, are presented for the two catalysts to provide a performance comparison.     

Coking,aging, and regeneration of zeolites: X-nature of coke formed on H-erionite during n-heptane cracking,mode of deactivation

H-erionite is very active for n-heptane cracking at 450°C, but its deactivation is almost instantaneous. This rapid deactivation is not due to a high coking rate but to a pronounced deactivating effect of coke that is characteristic of pore blockage. With short reaction time, “coke” is constituted of volatile compounds: isobutene, mono, and bi or triaromatics blocked in the erionite cages. These compounds lead through oligomerization, alkylation, cyclization, hydrogen transfer … to polyaromatic molecules with 3–6 aromatic rings. Each molecule can be located in one single erionite cage. Adsorption experiments show that each molecule blocks the access not only to the cage in which it is located but to several other cages. With long reaction time, highly polyaromatic compounds (> 6 aromatic rings) are formed through condensation of the less polyaromatic ones. They occupy several erionite cages or overflow unto the outer surface of the zeolite crystallite.     

PCB孔铜断裂失效分析探讨

针对PCB在SMT后出现的通孔开路问题,本文结合孔铜断裂失效案例,通过CT、金相切片、SEM及热分析等分析手段来进行论证,分析PCB孔铜断裂的失效机理,并给出了预防控制建议.     

Enhanced sound insulation and mechanical properties of LDPE/mica composites through multilayered distribution and orientation of the mica

In this work, the composites with multilayered distribution of the mica were fabricated by a multilayer coextrusion technique. The influence of layer number on sound insulation and mechanical properties of multilayered composites was investigated. The distribution, dispersion and orientation of mica particulates in composites were characterized by PLM and SEM. The sound insulation property of composites was measured by four microphone impedance tube. PLM and SEM images showed that the mica was distributed as the multilayered structure along the thickness direction of the composites. With the increase of layer number, more mica aggregates delaminated into thin flakes and aligned parallel to the flow direction. Compared to the conventional composites, the multilayered composites showed the enhanced sound insulation efficiency and mechanical properties. The discontinuity of sound impedance and the improved stiffness were considered to play a crucial role in the improvement of sound transmission loss.     

DZ2车轴钢离子渗氮层的冲击磨损损伤演变研究

为解决变轨距高速列车转向架轮轴花键配合面承受动载时的冲击磨损问题,对DZ2车轴钢进行离子渗氮强化处理。采用一系列宏/微观方法表征离子渗氮表层相结构、表面形貌、显微组织及硬度梯度,并对渗氮层及调质态基体的冲击磨损动力学响应及损伤行为进行研究。结果表明:两类状态的试样抗冲击磨损性能差异显著,在相同冲击动能下,离子渗氮层的能量吸收率低于调质态材料,DZ2车轴钢离子渗氮后比原始调质态具有更好的耐冲击磨损性能。DZ2调质态材料以剥层磨损为主,接触区域摩擦氧化显著;离子渗氮表面损伤轻微,仅局部材料磨损剥落,摩擦氧化现象不明显。随冲击周次的提高,调质态材料磨损损伤加剧,损伤区域出现大量表面微裂纹和氧化磨屑堆积,而经离子渗氮处理材料损伤较轻微,冲击磨损表面未观察到裂纹萌生。离子渗氮工艺能有效增强变轨距车轴的抗冲击磨损性能。     

一种改进的Yeoh超弹性材料本构模型

橡胶通常被看作一种不可压缩各向同性的超弹性材料,其本构模型通常用应变能密度方程表示。针对Yeoh模型偏软的特性,该文提出了一种改进的Yeoh超弹性材料本构模型。基于连续介质力学大变形理论,给出了改进的Yeoh模型在三种特殊变形模式下的应力-应变关系,并与原有的Yeoh模型和实验数据进行了对比。结果表明:改进的Yeoh模型在保持Yeoh模型体现反“S”形应力-应变关系的前提下,有效地克服了Yeoh模型在预测等双轴拉伸曲线时“偏软”的特性。在较大的应变范围内能够同时准确地预测单轴、平面和等双轴拉伸-压缩的应力-应变关系,具有较大的工程应用价值。     

Microstructural evolution and growth kinetics of interfacial reaction layers in SUS430/Ti3SiC2 diffusion bonded joints using a Ni interlayer

Ti₃SiC₂ ceramic and SUS430 stainless steel (SS) were successfully joined by a solid diffusion bonding technique using Ni interlayers. Diffusion bonding was performed in the temperature range of 850 °C–1100 °C under vacuum. The interfacial reaction phase, morphology evolution, growth kinetics and tensile strength were systematically investigated. In all cases, the inter-diffusion and reaction between Ti₃SiC₂ and SS can be effectively prevented by Ni foil, and the good transition in the joint benefit to the sound joining. The interface in the joints adjacent to SS matrix was composed of γ solid solution and a small amount of σ intermetallic compound. The compounds in the Ni/Ti₃SiC₂ interface was Ni/Ni(Si)/Ni₃₁Si₁₂ + Ni₁₆Ti₆Si₇ + Ti₃SiC₂ + TiC_x/Ti₂Ni + Ti₃SiC₂ + TiC_x/Ti₃SiC₂, which formed by the inter-diffusion and chemical reactions between Si and Ni atoms. The diffusion mechanism and reaction mechanism were interrelated, and decided the width of each reaction zones. Furthermore, the diffusion activation energy was 113 kJ/mol. The tensile strength increases with increasing the bonding temperature. The minimum and maximum strength of 32.3 MPa and 88.8 MPa were obtained from SUS430/Ni/Ti₃SiC₂ joints, which bonding experiments were carried out at 850 °C and 1100 °C, respectively.     

Observing early stage rail axle bearing damage

Rail axle-bearing failure is a serious issue that can affect passenger safety and generate large costs for operators from penalties, recovery, reduced train availability and repairs. Southeastern have fitted bearing sensors to their Electrostar fleet; these sensors identify rail axle-bearing degradation. In this paper (presented at ICEFA VI) we introduce an on-going study where ex-situ rail axle bearings with recorded vibration histories are being forensically examined. The ultimate aims of this work are (1) to link vibration signatures to levels of physical damage and (2) to identify any common factors that are causing bearing failures. The current work presents results from one removed bearing; this work highlights the methods and techniques being used to measure and quantify the physical damage, which include profilometry, X-ray tomography and metallography. The bearing described herein presented large subsurface white etched layers, rolling contact fatigue crack propagation and evidence of electrical arcing damage.     

Effect of high Ni on battery thermal safety

Frequent accidents involving Li-ion batteries have prompted higher safety requirements for these batteries. In this study, the high-temperature, thermal runaway (TR) characteristic parameters at 100% state of charge (SOC) for cylindrical NCM811 batteries with a high-energy density were compared to the widely commercialized NCM523 batteries. The average TR trigger temperature of NCM811 battery was 157.54°C, which was 20.62°C lower than that of NCM523. Moreover, the average TR maximum temperature of NCM811 battery is 858.22°C, which was 212.81°C higher than that of NCM523. The maximum TR temperature of the NCM811 battery was 1289.53°C. The high Ni batteries exhibited poor thermal stability and severe TR. An increase in the Ni content resulted in increased fluctuations in the battery's internal TR reaction because high Ni batteries have a poor TR consistency and are difficult to accurately control. The TR combustion explosion of the fully charged NCM811 battery lasted for approximately 1.36 seconds. The combustion explosion severely damaged the positive electrode, and there was a collapse of the negative layered structure. The Cu current collector surface melted locally owing to the high temperature. Moreover, Ni, Co, and Mn particles appeared in the Cu current collectors and graphite.