Reforming of raw fuel gas from biomass gasification to syngas over highly stable nickel–magnesium solid solution catalysts

The gasification of biomass to obtain a syngas provides a competitive means for clean energy from renewable resources. The feasibility of the process depends on the performance of catalyst for upgrading of the raw fuel gas from gasifier. The highly stable NiO–MgO catalyst (Ni / (Ni + Mg) = 15, atomic ratio) was prepared by co-precipitation method for the reforming of raw fuel gas. Its performance was investigated under practical conditions of biomass gasification. The Ni_0.03Mg_0.97O and Ni / MgO catalysts (Ni / (Ni + Mg) = 15, atomic ratio) were also prepared for comparison. The NiO–MgO catalyst exhibited excellent reducibility and highly stable activity for the reforming of raw fuel gas without pre-reduction. No deactivation and very little carbon deposition were observed during 100 h lifetime test. The results of characterization (H₂–TPR, TGA, XRD, XPS) indicated that the formation of nickel–magnesium solid solution inhibited the sintering of nickel particles for high temperature reaction. Due to Ni²⁺ ions diffusion, the Ni / Mg atomic ratio decreased gradually with increasing depth. The highly stable activity was attributed to the small nickel particles size, high dispersion of nickel particles in the solid solution structure, and the promotion by catalyst reducibility.     

Mechanochemical reactions and hydrogen storage capacities in MBH4–SiS2 systems (MLi or Na)

The hydrogen storage properties, and phase compositions of mechanochemically prepared mixtures of xMBH₄-SiS₂ (x = 2–8), where M = Li or Na, were investigated using gas sorption analysis, powder X-ray diffraction, and infrared and solid-state NMR spectroscopic methods. The 2LiBH₄:1SiS₂ system forms an amorphous product that releases ca. 4.3 wt % of H₂ below 385 °C with a T_onset of 88 °C without detectable diborane emission. The dehydrogenated sample reversibly absorbs 1.5 wt % of H₂ at 385 °C under 160 bar pressure. The H₂ release from materials with varying LiBH₄:SiS₂ ratios peaks at 8.2 wt % for the 6LiBH₄:1SiS₂ composition, with a reversible hydrogen storage capacity of 2.4 wt %. The H₂ desorption capacities of the Li-containing systems surpass those of Na-containing systems. Solid-state NMR studies indicate that products of mechanochemical reactions in the LiBH₄SiS₂ system consist of one-dimensional chains of edge-sharing SiS_4/2 tetrahedra in which the non-bridging S-ends are terminated with Li⁺, which are further coordinated to the [BH₄]⁻ anions. A variety of possible polymorphs in the LiSiS-(BH₄) composition space have been identified using first principles and thermodynamic modeling that supports the likelihood of formation of such novel complexes.     

Straw combustion on slow-moving grates—a comparison of model predictions with experimental data

Combustion of straw in grate-based boilers is often associated with high emission levels and relatively poor fuel burnout. A numerical grate combustion model was developed to assist in improving the combustion performance of these boilers. The model is based on a one-dimensional “walking-column” approach and includes the energy equations for both the fuel and the gas accounting for heat transfer between the two phases. The model gives important insight into the combustion process and provides inlet conditions for a computational fluid dynamics analysis of the freeboard. The model predictions indicate the existence of two distinct combustion modes. Combustion air temperature and mass flow-rate are the two parameters determining the mode. There is a significant difference in reaction rates (ignition velocity) and temperature levels between the two modes. Model predictions were compared to measurements in terms of ignition velocity and temperatures for five different combinations of air mass flow and temperature. In general, the degree of correspondence with the experimental data is favorable. The largest difference between measurements and predictions occurs when the combustion mode changes. The applicability to full-scale is demonstrated by predictions made for an existing straw-fired boiler located in Denmark.     

A facial microwave-assisted polyol activation process for fabrication of Ni@PMMA microspheres

A simple and efficient activation process was conducted by deposition of palladium (Pd) nanoparticles on PMMA surface using a microwave-assisted polyol method with ethanol used as the reductant. The newly synthesized Pd nanoparticles were utilized as an activator for electroless nickel deposition. TEM images revealed that Pd nanoparticles of size 4-6 nm are formed evenly over the PMMA surface. A tight, smooth and continuous Ni plating layer was coated on these Pd nanoparticle activated PMMA microspheres. In contrast, a rough and discontinuous Ni film was obtained for the sample activated with a conventional sensitization/activation procedure.     

气相色谱-质谱法检测土壤中痕量芥子气

建立气相色谱-质谱选择离子检测土壤中痕量芥子气的方法。该方法采用二氯甲烷萃取土壤中的芥子气,萃取液经净化、浓缩,加入内标丁基硫醚后进行分析,可实现对土壤中0.02mg/kg芥子气的定量检出,且加标回收率大于70%,相对标准偏差小于10%。     

Posttreatment with eicosatetraynoic acid decreases lung edema in guinea pigs exposed to phosgene: the role of leukotrienes

Acetylenic acids such as 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid (ETYA), have been shown to be effective in preventing pulmonary edema formation (PEF). In phosgene-exposed guinea pigs, we examined the effects of ETYA on PEF, measured as real time lung weight gain (lwg). Pulmonary artery pressure (Ppa), airway pressure (Paw), perfusate leukotrienes (LT) C4/D4/E4/B4, and lung tissue lipid peroxidation (TBARS) were measured using the isolated, buffer-perfused lung model. Guinea pigs were challenged to 175 mg/m3 (44 ppm) phosgene for 10 minutes giving a concentration x time product of 1750 mg.min/m3 (437 ppm.min). Five minutes after removal from the exposure chamber, guinea pigs were treated, i.p., with 200 microL of 100 microM ETYA. 200 microL of 50 microM ETYA was added to the perfusate every 40 minutes, beginning at 60 minutes after start of exposure (t = 0). There were four groups in this study: air-treated, phosgene-exposed, ETYA-posttreated + phosgene, and ETYA-posttreated + air ETYA-posttreated + phosgene guinea pigs had significantly lower Ppa (P = .006), Paw (P = .009), and lwg (P = .016) compared with phosgene-exposed animals. Phosgene exposure reduced LTB4 compared with air-treated controls (P = .09). ETYA-posttreatment + phosgene had significantly increased perfusate LTB4 (P = .0006) compared with phosgene exposure only group. Total perfusate, LTC4 + LTD4 + LTE4, was not different between phosgene-exposed, air-treated or ETYA-posttreatment + phosgene over time. Posttreatment with ETYA significantly lowered TBARS formation, 206 +/- 13 versus 285 +/- 23 nmol/mg protein (P = .016), compared with phosgene-exposed lungs. Paradoxically, ETYA posttreatment decreased PEF and lipid peroxidation, but increased sulfidopeptide LT release from the lung during perfusion. We conclude that LTC4/D4/E4, and B4, may play different roles than previously thought for PEF in the isolated perfused lung model.     

Incorporation of the ash from cellulignin into vitrified ceramic tiles

The incorporation of the ash from cellulignin, a catalytic biofuel, into a clay/feldspar body was investigated. The cellulignin was obtained by acidic prehydrolysis and was then burnt in boilers leaving behind the ash as a solid residue. Characterization tests of the ash employed X-ray diffraction, particle size distribution, mercury porosimetry, chemical analysis, thermal analysis and high-resolution scanning electron microscopy. The ash/clay/feldspar compositions were fired at 1200 °C and the linear shrinkage, water absorption and flexural strength were determined. Solution and leaching tests were conducted to evaluate the environmental safety of the final ceramics. The results showed that the ash is mainly composed of quartz with partially nanometric particle size, high surface area and high content of alkaline and alkaline earth oxides. These are advantages for a potential use of this ash as a flux. The partial replacement of feldspar by ash promoted a better vitrification decreasing the open porosity and increasing the mechanical strength. Heavy metals present in the ash became inert after the firing stage.     

Gating and permeability of ion channels produced by botulinum toxin types A and E in PC12 cell membranes

Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is known to produce cationic channels in artificial bilayers. This study examined ion channels formed by BoNT in native membranes from cultured PC12 cells under conditions approximating those thought to occur during toxin internalization. Membrane patches were excised from PC12 cells using patch electrodes and exposed to symmetrical solutions containing either 200 mM CsCl, RbCl or KCl. The patch pipettes also contained 1-5 microg/ml BoNT buffered to pH 5.3 while the bath solutions were buffered to pH 7.0. In the presence of toxin, bursts of ion channel openings were observed. These toxin-induced channels were most active with a negative voltage applied to the same side as the toxin (cis). The increased activity at negative voltages was due to an increase in mean open time of e-fold per 120 mV and a decrease in mean closed time between bursts of e-fold per 110 mV. The shorter mean closed time within a burst was independent of membrane voltage. While BoNT-induced ion channels started as a single conductance level of 27 pS (KCl), 34 pS (RbCl) or 46 pS (CsCl) they typically increased in roughly equal steps to five or more times the original channel conductance. These higher conductance BoNT 'channels' opened and closed synchronously and could be distinguished from superposition of multiple independent channels. Despite differences in putative transmembrane sequences between BoNT/A and BoNT/E, both serotypes evidenced the same channel conductance and mean open time.     

NaOH活化制备超级电容器用活性炭球电极材料

以NaOH为活化剂、采用蔗糖水热法,制备超级电容器用高比表面积球形活性炭电极材料。采用标准N2吸附法、SEM和XRD对活性炭的结构进行表征,用恒流充放电测试其在1mol/L Et4NBF4/PC电解液中的电化学性能,并将其与日本商业电容炭YP17进行了比较。结果表明:ζ(NaOH∶活性炭)为5∶1、600℃活化1h制备的球形活性炭比表面积为3261m2/g,其比电容可达156F/g,远大于YP17(108F/g),大电流倍率性能突出。     

锂离子电池正极材料磷酸锰锂的研究进展

对固相法、水热法、溶胶-凝胶法、多羟基化法、沉淀法、喷雾干燥法和模板法等合成正极材料LiMnPO4进行了综述,分析了这些方法的优缺点;总结了为改善材料电化学性能进行的碳包覆或掺杂工作;在LiMnPO4热稳定性方面还存在不同的认识,对热稳定性方面的相关研究做了总结。