枣棉间作的生态效应对棉花产量的影响

在气候干燥、风沙危害严重的塔里木盆地腹地———阿克苏市研究枣棉间作对棉花的生态环境因子及产量的影响,揭示环塔里木盆地干旱区枣棉间作系统中光照、空气温湿度、风速等生态因子的变化情况以及水平分布特征,探讨间作对棉花产量的影响,分析枣棉间作系统的经济收益.2010年,在枣棉共生期间,使用Vantage Pro2自动气象站和KS4000手持气象站观测光照强度、空气温湿度、风速和风向等气象因子,利用LAI2000冠层分析仪观测光合辐射,棉花采收前进行测产.间作系统的日平均光照为71.78%;光合有效辐射方面表现为距离枣树越远越高,反之则越低,大小关系为：W-165cm〉E-155cm〉W-105cm〉E-95cm;间作系统的日平均气温降低2.7℃,地表温度平均比对照棉田降低4.3℃,空气相对温度高3.0%,土壤水分含量高3.13%～3.62%;间作系统的防风效能达到38.6%;对棉花有一定的减产,但并不明显.枣棉间作作为新疆特有的果农间作模式之一,在很多方面表现出较强的优势,为环塔里木盆地特色林果产业的发展以及枣农间作模式提供借鉴.     

Efficiency of acetic acid and formic acid as a catalyst in catalytical and mechanocatalytical pretreatment of barley straw

In this study, the potential of organic acids (formic acid, acetic acid) in a catalytical and mechanocatalytic conversion of lignocellulosic barley straw to valuable sugars is explored using sulfuric acid as a reference. Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis has been carried out with acid-impregnated samples as well as unmodified barley straw. In the mechanocatalytical approach, pretreatment consists of impregnation with the acid catalyst and mechanical treatment by ball milling following chemical hydrolysis. Straw samples and residues were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR) whereas hydrolysate analysis was based on total reducing sugar (TRS) determination following the DNS method and capillary electrophoresis (CE) analysis. The results indicated that acetic acid and formic acid are rather mild acids yielding low TRS levels compared to the reference acid. Mechanocatalytical pretreatment slightly increased TRS yields, but not significantly. Strikingly, sulfuric acid showed an efficient conversion efficiency yielding almost 45% of TRS. Furthermore, this study provided evidence for the acetylation of straw components when acetic acid was used as catalyst. Alkali hydrolysis induced the de-esterification, but revealed no significant increase of TRS yields.     

Functional and conformational characterisation of walnut protein obtained through AOT reverse micelles

Walnut protein was extracted from defatted walnut flour by bis (2‐ethylhexyl) sodium sulfosuccinate (AOT) reverse micellar system and alkali solution with isoelectric precipitation. The functional and conformational characteristics of two proteins were investigated and compared. Walnut protein obtained through AOT reverse micelles was found to have higher extraction yield, solubility, emulsifying activity, foam capacities, water‐ and oil‐holding capacity compared to the protein from alkali solution along with isoelectric precipitation, while the surface hydrophobicity (H₀), contents of disulphide bond (SS) and sulfhydryl group (SH) were relatively lower. The differences of H₀, SS and SH contents could be due to the conformational changes of walnut proteins using two extraction methods. FTIR spectra and data showed that the reverse micelles caused the decrease in α‐helix, β‐sheet, random and β‐turn of walnut protein, the increase in the side‐chain structure content, which could be responsible for the modification of functional properties.     

26份新疆核桃种仁蛋白质与氨基酸相关性分析

为探明新疆不同核桃资源的蛋白质与氨基酸含量之间的关系,采用凯氏定氮法和高效液相色谱法测定了26份新疆核桃种仁的蛋白质和氨基酸含量,采用相关性分析和通径分析方法分析了蛋白质与氨基酸的相关性。结果表明:26份新疆核桃种仁中以‘扎74’的蛋白质含量和总氨基酸含量最高,分别为19. 70、16. 92 g/100 g;相关性分析显示甘氨酸、精氨酸等13种氨基酸含量均与蛋白质含量呈极显著正相关,以甘氨酸相关系数最大,为0. 906;通径分析结果显示天冬氨酸和谷氨酸对蛋白质含量的影响较大,通径系数分别为4. 447和4. 421。因此,在核桃育种中可通过采取提高天冬氨酸和谷氨酸含量的策略增加核桃蛋白质含量。     

A landscape of hydride compounds for off-board refilling of transport vehicles

The authors compare the energy consumption of hydrogen cars (using fuel cells) with electric cars (using batteries) and conventional petrol cars finding that hydrogen cars are preferable to electric cars for long distances. They evaluate several types of hydrogen storage materials in terms of off-board refilling, in which hydrogen uptake takes place outside the vehicle. Literature values for enthalpy and entropy of formation etc. are used to calculate hydrogen densities, heat production and theoretical desorption temperature. Additionally, experimental literature values for temperature and pressure of (de)hydrogenation, kinetics and cycling stability are summarized. The results are discussed assuming that hydrogen refilling takes place in a replaceable tank outside the vehicle, which reduces the DOE requirements to high volumetric and gravimetric density, moderate release temperature, sufficiently fast release and high reversibility. They are fulfilled by materials like NaAlH₄, while even better performance can be expected from compounds like LiBH₄+MeH_x or Mg-Ti composites.     

3 种梨果实发育过程中酚类物质及其抗氧化能力分析

为进一步了解新疆主要栽培品种梨生长发育期果实酚类物质和抗氧化能力的变化规律,选取‘库尔勒香梨’‘早酥梨’及其杂交后代‘新梨7号’果实为试材,对其总酚、总黄酮、酚类物质含量以及1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH）自由基清除能力和2,2’-联氮-双-3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸（2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid),ABTS）阳离子自由基清除能力进行分析。结果表明：3 种梨果实总酚含量、总黄酮含量、DPPH自由基清除能力在整个生长发育过程中总体呈逐渐降低的变化趋势,ABTS阳离子自由基清除能力呈先降低后升高再降低的变化趋势,花后50 d‘早酥梨’果实中总酚和总黄酮含量、DPPH自由基清除能力最高,分别达23.10、32.25 mg/g和29.12 μmol/g;花后80 d,‘早酥梨’果实ABTS阳离子自由基清除能力最高,达80.74 μmol/g。不同生长发育期同品种梨果实的酚类物质含量均存在明显差异,果实中的熊果苷、儿茶素、绿原酸、表儿茶素、槲皮葡萄糖苷、山柰酚-3-O-葡萄糖苷含量总体逐渐降低,其中熊果苷含量最高,平均值为5 797.82 μg/g,其次是绿原酸含量,平均值为1 781.02 μg/g。梨果实中总黄酮、总酚、熊果苷、儿茶素、绿原酸、表儿茶素含量与DPPH自由基清除能力呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）。3 种梨幼果期（花后50 d）酚类物质及抗氧化能力较高,‘早酥梨’总酚含量、总黄酮含量、DPPH自由基清除能力和ABTS阳离子自由基清除能力均比‘库尔勒香梨’和‘新梨7号’高。     

NO熏蒸处理对冷藏枸杞鲜果细胞壁代谢的影响

为了探明NO熏蒸处理对冷藏枸杞鲜果细胞壁代谢的影响,本文以"宁杞七号"枸杞鲜果为试材,采用300μL/L(0μL/L NO为对照)的NO气体对"宁杞七号"熏蒸处理3 h,于3±0.5℃条件下贮藏36 d,定期测定果实腐烂率、硬度、细胞壁代谢相关酶活力.结果表明:300μL/L NO处理抑制枸杞鲜果多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(po...