新型胶原-腐植酸钠复合水凝胶的研制与分析

水凝胶具有弹性高、含水量高,冷效应、保湿性强、形状多变等优点,是医用敷料的主要材料之一。将具有优良生物相容性、促细胞增殖功能的胶原(COL)与具有止血、消炎等作用的腐植酸钠(NaHA)按不同比例(COL∶NaHA)共混并采用自组装方式制备了一种新型胶原-腐植酸钠复合水凝胶,并考察两者间的相互作用及复合水凝胶的结构与性能,以期应用于医用敷料行业。NaHA不改变胶原的三股螺旋结构且两者之间存在氢键与静电作用。当COL∶NaHA≥4∶6时,两者间的静电结合被NaCl所屏蔽,因此体系相容性较好;然而继续增加NaHA会引起聚沉现象。当COL∶NaHA=4∶6时,两者结合率最高,达到93.2%且相容性较好,复合水凝胶的纤维具有明显的D-周期且各方面性能最佳。NaHA的释放较缓慢,24 h后仍有约80%保留在水凝胶中;热稳定性较纯胶原提升了34.9℃;储能模量和损耗模量分别为31.89 Pa和3.99 Pa。此外,随着NaHA的加入,冻干复合水凝胶的孔径缩小、孔隙分布更加均匀;复合膜的亲水性明显提升。     

Short shaped copper fibers in an epoxy matrix: Their role in a multifunctional composite

Previous research indicates that short shaped copper fibers improve the fracture and impact toughness of brittle thermoset polymer matrix composites. This paper investigates the potential multifunctional ability of these same shaped copper fibers by determining their electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness (SE). Fiber shapes were selected based on previous single fiber pullout experiments where they displayed high toughness. The two fiber diameters tested were: 0.325 and 0.162 mm. Fiber shapes used in the experiments were: straight, flat end-impacted, rippled, and acid roughened. A SE of greater than 45 dB at 1.0 GHz was attained in epoxy that contained 15 vol% of 0.162 mm diameter shaped fibers. Composites with 15 vol% of the 0.325 mm diameter shaped fibers showed poor SE, less than 20 dB. Experimental results indicate that besides improving the fracture and impact toughness of a thermoset polymer matrix, short shaped copper fibers can also significantly improve the SE and electrical conductivity of the composite, resulting in a multifunctional material. This increase in SE and electrical conductivity can be attributed to: shape effects that increase the skin volume, surface discontinuities which increase the amount of electromagnetic (EM) wave scattering, and the fiber count which determines the number of conducting paths.     

Numerical study on unsteady heat transfer and fluid flow in a closed cylinder of reciprocating liquid hydrogen pumps

Modeling and optimization of liquid hydrogen (LH₂) pumps require accurate in-cylinder heat transfer correlations. However, the applicability of existing correlations based on gas mediums to LH₂ remains to be verified. In this paper, the unsteady heat transfer and fluid flow in a closed LH₂ pump cylinder are numerically studied by adopting the gas spring model. The phase shifts and temperature distribution in the closed pump cylinder are investigated. LH₂ is less affected by in-cylinder heat transfer and has a more uniform temperature distribution compared to nitrogen gas, while a low-temperature zone appears near the piston face at 120 rpm. Finally, the validity of Lekic's correlation in predicting the heat flux of the LH₂ compression process in the closed pump cylinder is verified, and the efficiency decrement versus rotational speed is analyzed based on the correlation. This work would be useful for selecting a proper in-cylinder heat transfer model for predicting the thermodynamic process in reciprocating LH₂ pumps.     

Optimizing thermal performances and NOx emission in a premixed ammonia-hydrogen blended meso-scale combustor for thermophotovoltaic applications

As a carbon-free energy carrier, ammonia has attracted significant interest in the combustion field as a potential substitute for fossil fuels. However, the focus has been given to the application at meso-scale conditions, particularly with regard to thermal performance and NO_x emissions. Therefore, the present study numerically investigates a 3-dimensional time-domain premixed ammonia/oxygen meso-scale combustor to optimize its' thermal performance and NO_x emission for power generation applications. The numerical model is firstly validated by using experimental data available in the literature. Then, the effects of 1) the inlet pressure (P_in), 2) the equivalence ratio, and 3) the hydrogen blended ratio on the temperature uniformity, the combustor outer wall mean temperature (OWMT), NO emission, and exergy efficiency are examined. The results indicate that increasing P_in intensifies the mixing process of the mixture gases, thus reducing the residence time for the high-temperature flame in the combustion chamber. The optimized OWMT and NO emissions are up to 26% and 40.3% respectively, with only 9% compensation of the standard deviation achieved, when the inlet velocity is set to 0.5 m/s and P_in is 3.0 bar. Furthermore, varying the equivalence ratio in the range of 0.95–1.1 has a minor influence on improving thermal performances, but a significant impact on mitigating the NO_x emission performance. Additionally, blending less than 15% hydrogen has a significant reduction in the maximum NO_x emission (up to 53%); however, the influence on the OWMT can be neglected. Further exergy analysis reveals that elevating P_in results in a decrease in the exergy efficiency due to the increased inlet exergy. In general, this work provides a preliminary method for improving the thermal performance and NO_x emission of an ammonia/hydrogen-oxygen-fueled meso-scale combustor for power generation purpose.     

Analytical modeling of strength in randomly oriented PP and PPTA short fiber reinforced gypsum composites

Fiber reinforced gypsum are prevalent building materials in which short fibers with high tensile strength are embedded into a gypsum matrix to produce supplemental strong and lightweight construction materials. Due to confrontation to a rising risk of death and economic disaster in earthquake-prone areas, quake-resistant materials and structures should be employed for building constructions. Gypsum based composites as a unique candidate for this purpose reduce the risks and produce much confident construction materials for residential buildings. In this work tensile strength of gypsum composites with different volume fraction of polypropylene (PP) and poly-paraphenylene terephthalamide (PPTA) fibers up to 15% were studied. Stress transfer ability from matrix to fibers were analyzed using theoretical shear lag analyses, scanning electron microscope, and pull out tests. The interfacial characteristics were also studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The ability of the composites to withstand against longitudinal tensile load was also studied by tensile tests of dog-bone shaped, random oriented fiber reinforced gypsum. Tensile strength of randomly oriented short fiber reinforced gypsum was evaluated by a mathematical model. The obtained results from the model and experimental results have been compared and discussed.     

Preparation of light-responsive block copolymer modified cellulose nanocrystal@polydopamine particle and its application in fluorinated polyacrylate film

Light-responsive cellulose nanocrystal@polydopamine (CNC@PDA) modified fluorinated polyacrylate was synthesized by Pickering emulsion polymerization with light-responsive block copolymer modified CNC@PDA as stabilizer. The epoxy groups in poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide)-b-poly(glycidyl methacrylate)-b-poly(hexafluorobutyl acrylate-co-coumarin) amphiphilic triblock copolymer reacted with the hydroxyl and amino groups on the surface of CNC@PDA to form the modified CNC@PDA. The successful preparation of modified CNC@PDA was confirmed by means of FT-IR, XRD, TG, UV–Vis, surface tension measurement, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. The results showed that the modified CNC@PDA had light-responsive and amphiphilic properties, and could be used as stabilizer to form stable Pickering emulsion. And the influence of modified CNC@PDA dosage on emulsion polymerization and film performance was systematically studied. The latex particle size decreased initially with increasing modified CNC@PDA dosage, from 0.6 to 1.0 wt%, and then increased. The mechanical, self-healing, and water–oil repellent properties of film were enhanced initially with increasing modified CNC@PDA dosage, from 0.6 to 1.0 wt%, and then declined. Atomic force microscope confirmed that the latex film had a rough surface. Moreover, the latex film comprising 1.0 wt% modified CNC@PDA presented not only high tensile strength (4.92 MPa), large elongation at break (657.70%), and superior oil/water repellency but also excellent self-healing property.     

The potential of improvements in the energy systems of sawmills when coupled dryers are used for drying of wood fuels and wood products

Sawmills produce side products that cannot be used in the pulp industry. They can, however, be used as fuel in the sawmill or elsewhere. Mass and energy flows in a sawmill are studied, using data from a Swedish sawmill. Design parameters are calculated for the dewatering and boiler capacities when a wood fuel dryer is coupled to the wood product dryer in the sawmill. The energy used for evaporation in the wood fuel dryer is used in the drying kilns. The useful work potential (exergy) is used to measure the quality improvements of the energy resource when a coupled wood fuel dryer is installed.Two pairs of cases are defined and studied. The first pair only involves material from the sawmill. In the second pair, wood residues are added until the wood fuel dryer uses the full heat demand from the drying kilns. The heat demand from the drying kilns is sufficient as a heat sink for a wood fueldryer for drying all the side products from a sawmill even if the bark is dried and the sawmill produces large amounts of side products. The sawmills have the potential to play a leading role in the market for processed wood fuel. To install coupled dryers in the way that is suggested here into sawmills is a good example of how to use the limited wood fuel resources efficiently.     

超声处理对牛乳酪蛋白结构及抗原性的影响

利用超声波处理牛乳致敏蛋白α-酪蛋白（casein,CN）和β-CN,结合十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳、圆二色光谱、荧光光谱及酶联免疫吸附测定等方法分析α-CN和β-CN结构和抗原性的变化。结果表明：随着超声波功率的增大,α-CN的分子质量无显著性变化,β-CN在600 W时发生聚集,两种酪蛋白羰基含量上升,自由巯基含量先下降后回升,在500 W时达到最低,疏水性则呈现与自由巯基含量相反的规律;二级结构中,α-螺旋结构经超声处理后其相对含量减少,无规卷曲相对含量随着超声功率先增加后降低,功率为500 W时相对含量最高,β-折叠的相对含量变化趋势则与无规卷曲相反,这表明超声波处理破坏了酪蛋白的高级结构;随着超声功率的增强,抗原性呈现先升高后降低的趋势,其中500 W时抗原性最高,与酪蛋白疏水性及无规卷曲结构相对含量呈正相关,与β-折叠结构的相对含量呈现负相关。超声处理酪蛋白在影响蛋白构象及结构的同时改变其抗原性,且抗原性与疏水性及无规卷曲相对含量相关。     

Identification and effect of ethyl galactoside on the properties and baking quality of dough

One of the reaction products of lactose and lactase in the presence of ethanol was isolated and identified as ethyl galactoside (EG) using gas-liquid chromatography, fast atom bombardment–mass spectrometry and ¹H and ¹³C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopies. Dough and bread qualities were studied by adding three different levels of EG (0.033, 0.067 and 0.134 mmol per kg of wheat flour) to the bread ingredients. Addition of 0.067 mmol EG per kg of wheat flour indicated significantly large loaf volume of the bread, and retarded the firmness of bread during storage when compared to the control. The small level of EG significantly improved the bread qualities as compared with lactose or a combination of lactose and lactase. And also, the wheat flour dough containing EG (0.067 mmol) significantly reduced the modulus of elasticity and viscosity coefficient. The addition of EG (0.067 mmol) to the bread ingredients slightly tended to lower the gelatinisation temperature of starch. The scanning electron microscopic observations indicated that the gluten portion of dough containing EG was developed well, and this caused the large loaf volume and good appearance from cross view of bread.     

Impact of urban development on residents’ public transportation travel energy consumption in China: An analysis of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles alternatives

Urban development has an important influence on the energy consumption of transportation. To develop public transportation is one of the important ways to decrease the energy consumption of urban transportation. It is very urgent to upgrade technology to reduce the energy consumption and emissions of the vehicles constantly. The popularization of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles is the trend of the future automobile industry, which can effectively reduce traffic energy consumption and alleviate urban pollution. This article analyzes the impact of urban development on public transport and private transportation energy consumption from 2013 to 2015; and uses hydrogen fuel cell vehicles alternatives in urban public transport as a scenario. It shows that urban economic development can effectively reduce public transport. Population growth will increase greatly energy consumption of public transport, while larger cities with reasonable spatial density can reduce traffic energy consumption. Moreover, hydrogen fuel cell vehicles can effectively reduce the energy consumption and pollution emissions of urban transportation during operating. Based on the above conclusions, this article will eventually provide targeted recommendations for the development of Chinese cities, public transport, and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles.