Correcting the uneven burden sharing of emission reduction across provinces in China

Although China committed to reduce its energy and emission intensity, the allocation of such national targets in the provincial level is still a political negotiation process and lack of a systematic principle from the perspective of efficiency. This paper proposes an allocation principle based on the efficiency levels. The efficiency levels are estimated by employing a stochastic frontier analysis approach and the links between energy intensity and efficiency are constructed. The results show that energy efficiency change is not the major contributor to energy intensity reduction. Furthermore, this analysis indicates that (i) the efficiency-based allocation can distribute reduction burdens among regions smoothly compared to the intensity-based allocation; and (ii) the national target of emission intensity reduction can be achieved solely through efficiency measures.     

The potential estimation and factor analysis of China′s energy conservation on thermal power industry

At present, researches about energy conservation are focused on prediction. But there are few researches focused on the estimation of effective input and energy conservation potential, and there has been even no research on energy conservation of thermal power industry of China. This paper will try to fill in such a blank. Panel data on Chinese thermal power industry over 2005–2010 are established, and we adopt the stochastic frontier analysis approach to estimate the energy saving potential of thermal power industry. The results are as follows: (1) the average efficiency of energy inputs in China′s thermal power industry over 2005–2010 was about 0.85, and cumulative energy saving potential equals to 551.04 (Mtce); (2) by improving the non-efficiency factors, the relatively backward inland cities could achieve higher energy saving in thermal power industry; (3) the energy input efficiency of Eastern China Grid is shown to be the highest; (4) in order to realize the energy-saving goal of thermal power industry, one important policy method the government should adopt is to conduct a market-oriented reform in power industry and break the state-owned monopoly to provide incentives for private and foreign direct investment in thermal power sector.     

Modeling particle formation kinetics in mixed-phase clouds

A computational model for droplet and ice particle formation kinetics in mixed clouds is developed using the kinetic equations of condensation/coagulation formulated by Piskunov and Petrov (J. Aerosol Sci. 33 (2002) 647) for two-phase disperse systems. Alongside new kinetic equations, the model involves equations of mass and thermal balance, accounts for the difference in rates of vapor condensation above water and ice, uses actual condensation and coagulation growth rates, describes the phase transition dynamics.A method of x–T diagrams is suggested for visual treatment of the dynamics of condensation redistribution of material (distillation) from the water fraction to ice particles. The method allows easy graphic representation and study of the basic condensation process stages and prediction of the final state parameters. Criteria are found for the efficiency of methods for artificial action on a cloud system involving its seeding with ice-forming reagents, based on the effect of the redistibution of material.The developed numerical model is used for computation of the precipitation formation processes in the conditions of the Montana experiment of 07/19/1981 (J. Geophys. Res. 91 (01) (1986) 1231; J. Geophys. Res. 90 (D4) (1985) 60079).     

利用边际土地开发生物质能源研究综述

粮食作物用于生产生物质能源的需求不断增加将导致“与粮争地”的矛盾日趋激烈,利用边际土地种植非粮能源作物已成为缓解“粮油矛盾”的一个重要方向。 基于此,从边际土地生产潜力,利用边际土地的经济性、环境影响、政策驱动等方面对利用边际土地开发生物质能源的相关研究进行了系统梳理。综述结果显示,目前有关利用边际土地开发生物质能源的研究才刚刚起步,研究大多集中于对边际土地生产潜力的分析,仅有部分研究对如何利用边际土地进行了宽泛的论述。 由于实证数据的欠缺和模型方法的不完善,定量分析相对较少。已有研究表明合理利用边际土地开发生物质能源具有较大的能源供给潜力,但在边际土地上大范围种植能源作物的经济可行性、对生态环境的影响以及利用边际土地导致的区域土地直接与间接变化和政策作用效果等内容都应在未来的研究中进行更充分的分析和讨论。     

完善我国矿业产权制度探讨

矿业产权是指矿产资源的所有权及矿业权,是在矿产资源所有权基础上派生出的矿业权能的集合。本文分析了我国探矿权、采矿权数量及其变化趋势,指出当前我国矿业产权制度存在的问题,如缺乏稳定的管理思想和长效调控机制,采矿权出让和已有探矿权结合不够紧密等。在此基础上,提出了完善我国矿业产权制度的对策和建议。     

不完全竞争下我国橄榄油进口贸易市场势力测度及影响因素研究

基于买卖双边视角,运用SMR(Song-Marchant-Reed)扩展模型,选取8个我国主要的橄榄油进口市场为研究对象,对2008—2018年我国橄榄油进口贸易国际市场势力进行测度,考察影响我国橄榄油双边国际市场势力的主要因素。结果表明:我国橄榄油进口市场是不完全竞争市场,在橄榄油进口贸易中的影响力和话语权仍然不够强大;希腊、西班牙、意大利等8个国家占我国橄榄油进口额的比例均值达99%。研究认为橄榄油生产成本高企、消费需求增长过快、进口市场过于集中、进口依存度过高、橄榄油产业聚集程度较低等因素是导致我国橄榄油进口市场买方势力不够强的主要原因,并提出了相应的政策建议。     

Assessment of small hydropower potential using remote sensing data for sustainable development in India

India being a developing country has witnessed a rapidly growing energy needs owing to fast industrialization. Sustainable and qualitative growth for developing economics and habitat requires increased energy input from various resources while maintaining balance in the ecosystem during exploitation. Paper discusses state of the resource potentials, achievements and various issues related to the power generation in India. The growing concern over environmental degradation caused by fossil fuel based systems, opposition to large hydropower projects on grounds of displacement of land and population, environmental problems with nuclear fuel based systems and the ever-rising shortage of power highlights the need for tapping alternate energy sources for power generation. Amongst the alternate sources utilization of hydropower on a smaller scale (small, mini and micro hydropower) has become the thrust area for sustainable growth in the power sector. Hydropower is an economical and environmentally clean source of renewable energy abundantly available in hilly regions of India. Hydropower stations have an inherent ability for instantaneous starting, stopping, load variations, etc., and help in improving the reliability of power system.Huge hydropower potential in India, yet to be explored is located at inaccessible mountainous region. However, development of this potential is challenging due to difficult and inaccessible terrain profile. Paper presents application of remote sensing data for identification and selection of probable site for hydropower projects. The algorithm for identification and assessment of water resources and its perennial is developed in Visual Basic (VB) platform and it is successfully applied for IRS-1D, LISS III Geo-coded False Color Composite (FCC) satellite image for plain as well as hilly and mountainous regions. Classification of satellite image in to different objects is modeled as the task of clustering based on the intensity of R-G-B values of pixels. Results obtained are presented and compared with the Survey of India Toposheets (53K/2, 53K/3 and 53J/16). Use of Remote sensing data provides a scientific method of hydropower identification and assessment.