Inactivation of an indigenous transglutaminase inhibitor in milk serum by means of UHT-treatment and membrane separation techniques

An indigenous inhibitor in raw milk inhibits cross-linking by transglutaminase (TG). The enzymatic cross-linking of micellar casein, compared with sodium caseinate, taking thermal inactivation of the TG inhibitor in the milk serum into consideration, was investigated. Inhibitor-free micellar casein was prepared by membrane separation combined with heat treatment of the UF permeate. The inhibitor permeated through MF (nominal pore size 0.1 μm) and UF (cutoff 25 kDa) membranes. TG-catalyzed cross-linking of casein micelles was clearly enhanced by UHT-treatment of UF permeate. Variation of the enzyme concentration showed that the inhibitory effect could not be compensated by higher enzyme concentrations when the casein micelles were suspended in unheated milk serum. Sodium caseinate, however, underwent high degrees of cross-linking even in unheated milk serum. By mixing an unheated milk serum and a UHT-treated milk serum at different ratios, the relative TG inhibitor activity was analysed. High inactivation (>80%) of the TG inhibitor is necessary to achieve high degrees of protein cross-linking.     

匙羹藤酸调节仓鼠血脂机理的研究

目的:研究匙羹藤酸对高脂仓鼠血脂的调节作用,并初步探究匙羹藤酸调节血脂水平的机理。方法:将40只雄性仓鼠随机分为正常对照组、模型对照组和匙羹藤酸低(20 mg/kg BW/d)、中(40 mg/kg BW/d)、高剂量组(80 mg/kg BW/d),正常对照组饲喂正常饲料,其余各组均饲喂高脂饲料,连续喂养8周。每两周称量一次体重,每四周眼眶静脉取血一次,用来检测不同阶段仓鼠血清中的血脂水平,8周后股动脉取血用于检测肝损伤指标谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)水平,胆固醇代谢相关调控酶羟甲基戊二酸单酰辅酶A还原酶(HMGCR)、胆固醇7α羟化酶(CYP7A1)、胆固醇酰基转移酶(ACAT)的酶活,并取肝小叶进行检测肝脏中HMGCR的酶活。结果:干预前,各组仓鼠血清中总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)和非高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(non-HDL-C)水平均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。干预8周后,匙羹藤酸剂量组仓鼠血清中TC、TG、non-HDL-C极显著低于模型对照组(P<0.01);匙羹藤酸剂量组的ALT、AST水平极显著低于模型对照组(P<0.01);匙羹藤酸中、高剂量组HMGCR的活性显著低于模型组(P<0.05),匙羹藤酸中、高剂量组CYP7A1活性显著高于模型组(P<0.05)。结论:匙羹藤酸可以通过抑制HMGCR的活性来降低高脂仓鼠胆固醇的合成,提高CYP7A1的活性来增加胆固醇的排泄,来调节高脂膳食仓鼠血脂水平,因此匙羹藤酸具有降脂、保护肝脏的作用。     

Tannins improve dough mixing properties through affecting physicochemical and structural properties of wheat gluten proteins

The quality of wheat flour is largely determined by the properties of gluten proteins. Chemical components that influence gluten proteins are used as flour improvers in the flour industry. In this study, tannins which are natural occurring polyphenols were found to improve dough mixing properties. The effects of tannins on the physicochemical and structural properties of gluten proteins were examined, and the results showed that tannins promoted the non-covalent interactions among gluten proteins, although they induced SH/SS interchange reactions in the dough. The β-turn and α-helix conformations were increased, whereas the β-sheet conformation was decreased in dough containing tannins as detected by FTIR. Moreover, the addition of tannins promoted the aggregation of gluten proteins, modified the microstructure of gluten networks, and improved the mixing properties. The positive effects of tannins on dough properties implied the potential of tannins as a new flour improver.     

不同包装方式对鲜切秦冠苹果贮藏品质的影响

以市售秦冠苹果为试材,结合柠檬酸保鲜剂处理,研究4 ℃贮藏条件下,普通包装、真空包装、高氧包装及充氮包装对鲜切秦冠苹贮藏品质变化规律的影响,确定最佳包装方式。结果表明:在综合鲜切苹果贮藏期各项指标的前提下,真空包装对鲜切苹果保鲜效果最佳,使鲜切苹果外观品质得以保持,延缓鲜切苹果的褐变进程和可溶性固形物含量降低速率,同时抑制了鲜切苹果贮藏期间多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase,PPO)和过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)活性,减缓丙二醛(malondiadehyde,MDA)含量的升高。     

不同茶多糖对3T3-L1前脂肪细胞分化的抑制作用比较

本实验利用小鼠3T3-L1前脂肪细胞对绿茶多糖（green tea polysaccharides,GTP）、红茶多糖（black tea polysaccharides,BTP）和乌龙茶多糖（oolong tea polysaccharides,OTP）的减肥作用进行评价。使用气相色谱对GTP、BTP、OTP的单糖组成进行分析。采用噻唑蓝染色法测定3?种茶多糖（tea polysaccharides,TPs）对3T3-L1前脂肪细胞增殖活力的影响。使用流式细胞仪检测3?种TPs对3T3-L1前脂肪细胞细胞周期的影响。采用传统“鸡尾酒”法诱导3T3-L1细胞分化成脂后,测吸光度并计算其分化率。采用甘油磷酸氧化酶-过氧化物酶（glycerol phosphate oxidase-peroxidase,GPO-PAP）法测定细胞中甘油三酯（triglyceride,TG）含量的变化。采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应（real-time polymerase chain reaction,RT-PCR）技术测定与脂质代谢相关基因的表达量。结果显示3?种TPs均能显著抑制3T3-L1前脂肪细胞的增殖与分化（P＜0.05）。添加100?μg/mL的TPs能使细胞分化率显著下降至（62.00±6.61）%（GTP）、（82.95±4.25）%（BTP）、（97.24±5.80）%（OTP）。另外,在细胞培养至第5天检测表明,这3 种TPs显著促进G0/G1期细胞数量的累积,细胞比例分别为（68.52±2.28）%（GTP）、（67.11±1.68）%（BTP）、（59.69±1.35）%（OTP）。RT-PCR分析结果显示TPs可以调控相关脂肪细胞因子的表达。在本研究中,在3T3-L1前脂肪细胞中GTP的减肥作用强于BTP和OTP。TPs的加入上调脂联素的表达从而激活腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶信号通路调控相关脂肪细胞因子的表达,并最终抑制TG的合成与3T3-L1前脂肪细胞的分化。     

Thermal Stability Improvement of Rice Bran Albumin Protein Incorporated with Epigallocatechin Gallate

Rice bran albumin protein (RAP) is sensitive to thermal changes and tends to degrade when exposed to high‐temperature processing. In this work, RAP–epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG) complex (RAPE) was prepared and the thermal stability was evaluated. Fluorescence results showed that EGCG could interact with RAP with a binding number n of 0.0885:1 (EGCG:RAP, w/w) and a binding constant K of 1.02 (± 0.002) ×10⁴/M, suggesting both hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces played an important role. FTIR analysis demonstrated that EGCG could induce secondary structural changes in RAP above a ratio of 1.6:1 (EGCG:RAP, w/w). Interestingly, the secondary structure changes of RAPE at different temperatures (25, 50, 60, 70, and 80 °C) were inhibited compared with that for RAP, suggesting RAPE was more resistant and stable to the heat treatment. In addition, a dense porous structure of RAPE was achieved due to the EGCG binding after thermal treatment. Furthermore, the T_peak temperature of RAPE increased significantly from 64.58 to 74.16 °C and the enthalpy also increased from 85.53 to 138.52 J/g with a mass ratio increasing from 0 to 3.2 (EGCG:RAP, w/w), demonstrating the thermal stability of RAPE. In addition, the valine, methionine, and lysine content in RAPE were significantly higher than RAP following 80 °C treatment for 20 min (P < 0.05), exhibiting enhanced amino acid profiles, which might be due to EGCG–RAP interactions and microenvironment changes around relevant amino acids. These findings demonstrate that EGCG has the potential to improve the thermal stability of sensitive proteins and is beneficial for usage in the food industry.     

葡萄籽原花青素的体内降血糖作用研究

本文研究了原花青素的体内降血糖作用。通过腹腔注射链脲佐菌素建立小鼠糖尿病模型,检测不同剂量原花青素(150mg/kg、100 mg/kg、50 mg/kg)对糖尿病小鼠的体重、空腹血糖(GLU)、糖耐量、血清甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、脂质过氧化物丙二醛(MDA)以及糖尿病小鼠盲肠中短链脂肪酸含量等指标的影响。结果表明:低中高剂量原花青素分别增加糖尿病小鼠体重13.23%、20.85%、30.03%;降低空腹血糖10.96%、17.18%、20.89%;显著改善糖耐量(p0.01);高剂量原花青素降低糖尿病小鼠血清TC 18.03%、TG 32.54%、MDA 22.88%,提高SOD活力30.28%;各剂量原花青素均可显著增加糖尿病小鼠盲肠内容物中总短链脂肪酸的含量(p0.05或p0.01)。因此原花青素具有体内降血糖,减轻自由基损伤、抑制脂质过氧化,进而改善糖尿病小鼠的糖、脂代谢异常的作用,这一研究发现将对人类血糖异常的控制提供有效途径,对于人体健康具有重要意义。     

菊粉复配灵芝多糖对2型糖尿病大鼠的降血糖作用

为探究菊粉复配灵芝多糖降血糖作用,采用高糖高脂联合链脲佐菌素(STZ)诱导SD大鼠建立2型糖尿病模型,记录菊粉复配灵芝多糖干预期间大鼠每周体重(BW)和血糖(FBG)变化,5周后检测其血清中胰岛素(FINS)、糖化血清蛋白(GSP)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和谷草转氨酶(AST)及肝糖原、肌糖原等指标,并进行肝脏的HE染色观察。结果表明,和模型组相比,菊粉复配灵芝多糖高剂量组(5 g/kg·bw菊粉+0.4 g/kg·bw灵芝多糖)大鼠的FBG、FINS、GSP、ALT和AST等指标极显著降低(P<0.01),糖原含量极显著增加(P<0.01),且和单一菊粉组相比存在显著差异(P<0.05);HE染色观察发现菊粉复配灵芝多糖可有效缓解2型糖尿病大鼠的肝脏损伤。综上所述,菊粉复配灵芝多糖对2型糖尿病大鼠有明显的降血糖作用,该作用机制可能与改善机体胰岛素抵抗、修复肝脏损伤和促进糖原合成有关。     

山楂、甾醇酯及功能红曲复配物的降血脂活性

目的:研究山楂、甾醇酯及功能红曲复配物的降血脂效果及机制。方法:将6周龄体重为(100±10)g的SPF级雄性仓鼠随机分为正常组N、模型组C、单纯山楂干预组A,山楂+低剂量甾醇酯组B,山楂+高剂量甾醇酯组D,山楂+甾醇酯+低剂量功能红曲组E,山楂+甾醇酯+高剂量功能红曲组F。每2周称重并检测其血脂指标,8周后处死。测定其血脂指标(总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL-c);计算脏器及脂重指数、非高密度脂蛋白(non-HDL-c)含量、动脉硬化指数(AI);观察肝脏及主动脉病理切片,胆固醇代谢调控相关基因的mRNA表达水平。结果:F组与高脂对照组相比,小鼠体重、肝脏指数、脂重指数及TC、TG、non-HDL-c、AI极显著下降(P<0.01),HDL-c显著上升(P<0.05);粪便中胆酸含量极显著上升(P<0.01);肝脏组织脂肪变性程度和主动脉粥样硬化症状有所改善;CYP7A1mRNA表达水平显著上调(P<0.05),LXRα、PPARα及FXR极显著上调(P<0.01),LIMA1、NPC1L1的mRNA表达水平显著下调(P<0.05),HMG-CoA-R、SREBP2极显著下调(P<0.01)。结论:F组降脂效果最佳,即3种天然物质的复配从增加体内胆固醇排出体外、减少机体对胆固醇的吸收以及减少胆固醇的自身合成3个途径有效预防因长期高脂饮食导致的高脂血症。