Effect of solvent on the polymorphism of poly(4-methylpentene-1): 1. Solution-grown single crystals

The morphology and structure of poly 4-methylpentene-1 single crystals grown in a variety of solvent systems is studied by electron microscopy, electron and X-ray diffraction. Depending on the solvent, two different crystalline structures are identified. The usual modification I is formed in a xylene-amylacetate mixture. Modification III is grown in decalin and in a xylene-cyclohexane mixture. In a slowly cooled xylene solution, a mixture of single crystals of both structures is obtained. These results confirm earlier work and show that there is a definite dependence of the structure of the solution-grown polymer crystals on the crystallization temperature. Finally, a refined characterization of modification III single crystals is presented.     

The ecology of "fecal indicator" bacteria commonly found in pulp and paper mill water systems

Coliform bacteria have long been used to indicate fecal contamination of water and thus a health hazard. In this study, the in-mill water and external effluent treatment systems of seven typical Canadian pulp and paper mills were all shown to support the growth of numerous coliforms, especially Klebsiella Spp., Escherichia coli. Enterobacter spp., and Citrobacter spp. In all mills and most sampled locations, klebsiellas were the predominant coliforms. Although all but one of the mills had no sewage input and most disinfected their feed (input) water, all contained the most typical fecal indicator bacterium, E. coli. Many of the mill coliforms were classified as fecal coliforms by standard "MPN" and metabolic tests, but this was shown to be due to their thermotolerance, not their origin. Mill coliforms were shown not to be just simple transients from feedwater or furnish (wood), but to be continuously growing, especially in some of the primary clarifiers. Isolated mill coliforms grew very well on a sterilized raw combined mill effluent. The fecal streptococci (enterococci), alternative indicators of fecal health hazards, were common in all mills in the absence of sewage. Ten strains of E. coli isolated from four mills were all shown to be non-toxigenic strains of harmless serotypes. No salmonellas were found. Therefore, the use of total coliform, fecal coliform, enterococci, or E. coli counts as indicators of fecal contamination, and thus of health hazard in pulp and paper mill effluents or biosolids (sludges) known to be free of fecal input is invalid.     

The relationship between the structure of activated sludge flocs and the sorption of hydrophobic pollutants

The relationships between the structure of minimally perturbed activated sludge flocs and the sorption of organic contaminants were studied. Sorption, settling velocity, size distributions, floc structure and EPS composition were all examined. The results show significant removal of selected halogenated hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by biosorption to activated sludge flocs. However, statistically significant effects on the settling or size of the flocs caused by this sorption were not observed. The addition of chromium (Cr(III)) metal ions to the biomass caused observable changes in the floc structure and decreased ruthenium red binding to the acidic polysaccharides of the floc matrix. At low concentrations (0.6 mg/1), chromium caused an increase in the sorption of organic compounds to flocs, suggesting that changes in the floc structure can be induced, which can have an impact on the sorption of pollutants to the flocs.     

Pressureless sintering of PMN–PT ceramics

PMN–PT ceramics with PMN to PT ratios of 60:40, 65:35, and 70:30 were prepared from PMN–PT powders synthesized by the columbite precursor method, and their sintering and grain growth characteristics at temperatures less than 1000°C were investigated. Results indicate that the PMN–PT ceramics can be pressureless-sintered to a relative density of approximately 96% at 950°C. However, full densification was prevented by the onset of abnormal grain growth. The addition of 0·5 wt% PbO to 65:35 PMN–PT ceramics lowered their sintering temperature to 900°C, but caused abnormal grain growth at lower temperatures. Preliminary TEM analyses indicate the presence of submicron-sized MgO particles at some ceramic microstructure triple points. Further studies will be required to understand abnormal grain growth behavior and to devise means for full densification.     

活性炭过滤纸板处理聚乙烯醇废水的研究

采用静态吸附法,首先对比了不同种类吸附剂对聚乙烯醇(PVA)废水的处理效果,得出活性炭吸附效果最优;然后进一步从时间、温度、pH、PVA初始浓度探讨了最佳使用条件,得出第1h内,吸附速率最大,第2h便降低90%;温度越高,吸附速率越快,但饱和吸附量会降低,温度宜控制在30~35℃;pH在中性及微碱性条件下较好,宜控制为7~8;PVA初始浓度越高,去除效率越低,因此在低浓度下使用效果更好;最后建立PVA浓度与COD关系方程,进一步使用活性炭抄造过滤纸板,在最佳吸附条件下,采用动态过滤法处理PVA废水,结果显示,在满足外排水质要求下,使用周期为2h。     

Optimisation of the grinding circuit at arafertil,Brazil

Arafertil's regrinding circuit is responsible for the recovery of apatite with a low degree of liberation, representing approximately 11% of the overall apatite concentrate production. Low grinding capacity prevented an ideal size distribution of product for maximum recovery in the subsequent flotation stage, as shown in a liberation study.This work was aimed at attaining the required increase in regrinding capacity, using process simulation by computer mathematical modelling, with the objective of implementing an optimised grinding and classification circuit.The ball mill and hydrocyclones models were calibrated, and their equations were defined, from industrial data acquired in the old concentrator configuration and results from laboratory grinding tests with power consumption measurements.The model was validated by means of comparison between the results predicted by simulation and those achieved in the plant after refurbishment. The apatite flotation recovery increased from 31.5% to 48.0%, in agreement with the previous apatite liberation study.     

Upgrading of cyclohexanone to hydrocarbons by hydrodeoxygenation over nickel–molybdenum catalysts

Cyclohexanone is largely generated in the direct or indirect conversion of lignin-derived bio-oils. Hence, the upgrading of cyclohexanone, i.e. deoxygenation in the presence of hydrogen is of great interest. In this regard, two nickel-molybdenum catalysts on alumina support were investigated in the temperatures up to 400 °C and pressures up to 15 bar. High activity, selectivity, and yield were achieved by utilizing these catalysts at the studied condition. The main products of the upgrading of cyclohexanone were C₆, C₇, and C₁₂ cyclic, aromatic, and bicyclic including cyclohexane, cyclohexene, benzene, and cyclohexylbenzene. The results of the present study imply that these catalysts are beneficial in producing hydrocarbon-rich products from cyclohexanone and lignin-derived bio-oils. Based on the achievements of the present study, the nickel-molybdenum catalyst composed of 1.14 wt% nickel and 14.27 wt% molybdenum showed about 87%, 100%, and 116% conversion of cyclohexanone, total hydrocarbon selectivity, and total hydrocarbon yield, respectively. The optimum condition for obtaining such results was at 400 °C and 8 bar.     

金属-多酚网络的组装、功能特性及其在食品领域中的应用研究进展

多酚与金属离子形成的金属-多酚网络(metal-polyphenol network,MPN)能发挥金属与多酚的协同效应,既具有金属离子赋予的特定功能,又具有多酚结构对各种表面的高亲和力,能吸附在纳米材料和生物界面等多种表面上,且结构更加稳定.近年来MPN发展迅猛,在很多领域都得到了广泛的应用.本文首先概述了MPN的组...