Recent advances in electrocatalysts for seawater splitting in hydrogen evolution reaction

Electrocatalytic water splitting is an important method to produce green and renewable hydrogen (H₂). One of the hindrances for wide applications of electrocatalysis in H₂ production is the lack of freshwater resources. Comparatively, seawater splitting has become an effective approach for large-scale H₂ production due to its abundant reserves. However, the increased complexity of seawater content emerged more problems in electrocatalytic seawater splitting. Recently, various strategies have been reported on improving the performance of electrocatalysts applied in seawater. Herein, this review firstly analyzed the mechanisms and challenges of electrocatalytic seawater splitting to evolve H₂, and summarized the recent progress on H₂ production in electrocatalytic seawater splitting. Furthermore, suggestions for future work have been provided for guidance.     

Mechanical properties of graphene films enhanced by homo-telechelic functionalized polymer fillers via π–π stacking interactions

Most researches on graphene/polymer composites are focusing on improving the mechanical and electrical properties of polymers at low graphene content instead of paying attention to constructing graphene’s macroscopic structures. In current study the homo-telechelic functionalized polyethylene glycols (FPEGs) were tailored with π-orbital-rich groups (namely phenyl, pyrene and di-pyrene) via esterification reactions, which enhanced the interaction between polyethylene glycol (PEG) molecules and chemical reduced graphene oxide (RGO) sheets. The π–π stacking interactions between graphene sheets and π-orbital-rich groups endowed the composite films with enhanced tensile strength and tunable electrical conductivity. The formation of graphene network structure mediated by the FPEGs fillers via π–π stacking non-covalent interactions should account for the experimental results. The experimental investigations were also complemented with theoretical calculation using a density functional theory. Atomic force microscope (AFM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), UV–vis and fluorescence spectroscopy were used to monitor the step-wise preparation of graphene composite films.     

An interpretative structural modeling based network reconfiguration strategy for power systems

The network reconfiguration is an important stage of restoring a power system after a complete blackout or a local outage. Reasonable planning of the network reconfiguration procedure is essential for rapidly restoring the power system concerned. An approach for evaluating the importance of a line is first proposed based on the line contraction concept. Then, the interpretative structural modeling (ISM) is employed to analyze the relationship among the factors having impacts on the network reconfiguration. The security and speediness of restoring generating units are considered with priority, and a method is next proposed to select the generating unit to be restored by maximizing the restoration benefit with both the generation capacity of the restored generating unit and the importance of the line in the restoration path considered. Both the start-up sequence of generating units and the related restoration paths are optimized together in the proposed method, and in this way the shortcomings of separately solving these two issues in the existing methods are avoided. Finally, the New England 10-unit 39-bus power system and the Guangdong power system in South China are employed to demonstrate the basic features of the proposed method.     

小议计算机综合考试系统设计与开发

自从八十年代以来,我国各种新型的计算机综合考试系统都得到了迅速的发展,通过自己开发和引进新技术等等方式方法,我国已经建立起了很多种新型的计算机综合考试系统,其中,有一部分的系统能都已经接近或者达到了国际先进的水平,计算机综合考试系统已经成为了考试产品一项十分重要的功能,并且关系到了计算机使用的价值、使用的条件以及使用的寿命等等,对人们工作生活、生产生活的质量产生了影响,对于保证我国计算机综合考试系统质量一直都具有十分重要的地位。伴随着我国社会生活条件不断得到了改善,人们对自己生活的质量越来越重视。近些年来,伴随着我国的社会科技不断发展,人们已经越来越重视自身生活的质量,在计算机应用条件上面的要求也越来越高。本文中,笔者就对计算机综合考试系统设计与开发进行浅谈。     

改进的形态学运算在声纳图像生成中的应用

声纳技术应用日益广泛,已成为海洋测量的重要工具,而去除噪声处理是对声纳图像进行正确判读的前提,本文采用了改进的形态学算法减少声纳图像中噪声的影响,对图像进行预处理,采用Matlab图形图像处理工具对处理的算法进行仿真的方式,从而使处理效果达到最佳。     

淹没深度对三自由度波能浮子获能的影响

为明确浮子淹没深度对三自由度浮子装置获能的影响,提出漂浮式与淹没式两种浮子模型,计算并比较在不同淹没深度和波浪条件下浮子的获能特性。浮子模型具有纵荡、垂荡与纵摇3个运动自由度。浮子选用直立圆柱体浮子。淹没深度分别设置为其高度的0.5、1.0、1.5与2.0倍,质量相同。漂浮式浮子模型作为对照,基于线性势流理论与边界元方法,建立浮子水动力学模型,计算浮子水动力学参数及运动响应,并采用线性能量转换(power take-off, PTO)系统阻尼,计算并对比浮子在最优PTO阻尼下的平均输出功率,分析淹没深度对浮子获能的影响。研究结果表明,增大淹没深度可以减小浮子的波浪激励力和平均输出功率。对于三自由度浮子,漂浮浮子在低频波浪下获能特性较好,而具有较小淹没深度的浮子在高频波浪下性能更优。     

六水氯化镁在六种多元醇中溶解度的测定和关联

六水氯化镁的溶解度是镁盐综合利用的重要基础数据。采用静态平衡法测定了六水氯化镁在1,2-丙二醇、1,3-丙二醇、1,3-丁二醇、一缩二乙二醇、二缩三乙二醇、一缩二丙二醇6种多元醇中的溶解度（278.15~328.15 K）。实验结果表明,六水氯化镁在6种多元醇中的溶解度均随着温度的升高而增大,其中在一缩二乙二醇中的溶解度最大,在二缩三乙二醇中的溶解度随着温度的变化较其他多元醇变化更为明显。使用Apelblat方程、λh方程、Van′t Hoff方程和多项式方程对溶解度数据进行了关联,结果良好,其中Apelblat方程和多项式方程拟合结果优于其他方程。利用Van′t Hoff方程计算了6种体系的溶解焓、溶解熵和吉布斯自由能。这些结果对镁盐的分离提取及镁基功能材料的制备具有重要的参考价值。     

On the involvement of radical oxygen species O− in catalytic oxidation of benzene to phenol by nitrous oxide

Catalytic oxidation of benzene to phenol by nitrous oxide over Fe-MFI zeolites was studied in relation to the active oxygen species taking part in the oxidation. A linear dependence of the reaction rate on the concentration of independently identified active sites generating O⁻ radicals (α sites) was obtained within a broad range of values. The dependence is interpreted as convincing evidence of the O⁻ involvement in the catalytic (not only stoichiometric) oxidation of benzene to phenol. This conclusion is of particular importance in connection with a long discussion in the literature on a possible role of O⁻ radicals in selective oxidation catalysis over V and Mo oxides. Reliable evidence of the catalytic role of O⁻ obtained with zeolites may renew general interest in the once-suggested but not recognized role of radical oxygen in oxidation over widely used metal oxide catalysts.     

Effects of sulfate-reducing bacteria on the corrosion behavior of carbon steel

The influences of the growing process of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) in seawater system on the medium state and corrosion behavior of carbon steel were studied by detecting solution state parameters and using corrosion electrochemical methods. The growing process of SRB in the seawater shows the three stages of growing, death and residual phases. The solution state parameters of the concentration of sulfide, the pH value and the redox potential changed during the three stages of the SRB growing process. And the corrosion rate of D36 carbon steel was accelerated during the growing phase and stable during the death and residual phases. The results indicate that the medium state and the corrosion rate of the steel do not depend on the number of active SRB, but depend on the accumulation of the metabolism products of SRB.     

双NIOSⅡ软核系统在潮流能发电中的应用

开发海洋潮流能对缓解能源危机具有重要意义,电力变换系统是潮流能发电系统的关键技术之一。提出了一种利用SOPC技术实现潮流能发电电力变换控制系统的设计方法,采用单片高性能FPGA芯片构建双NIOSⅡ软核系统,其中一个NIOSⅡ处理器负责系统任务调度和能量管理,一个NIOSⅡ处理器负责电力变换控制和异常诊断。针对电力变换系统的信息数据特点,提出了基于RAM、FIFO、GPIO的双NIOSⅡ处理器握手机制,并给出了系统的具体设计实现。该双NIOSⅡ处理器系统提高了系统的任务调度灵活性、控制算法处理速度和应急处理能力。