Hierarchical multi-reservoir optimization modeling for real-world complexity with application to the Three Gorges system

High dimensionality in real-world multi-reservoir systems greatly hinders the application and popularity of evolutionary algorithms, especially for systems with heterogeneous units. An efficient hierarchical optimization framework is presented for search space reduction, determining the best water distributions, not only between cascade reservoirs, but also among different types of hydropower units. The framework is applied to the Three Gorges Project (TGP) system and the results demonstrate that the difficulties of multi-reservoir optimization caused by high dimensionality can be effectively solved by the proposed hierarchical method. For the day studied, power output could be increased by 6.79 GWh using an optimal decision with the same amount of water actually used; while the same amount of power could be generated with 2.59 × 10⁷ m³ less water compared to the historical policy. The methodology proposed is general in that it can be used for other reservoir systems and other types of heterogeneous unit generators.     

Dewatered alum sludge: a potential adsorbent for phosphorus removal.

Alum sludge refers to the by-product from the processing of drinking water in water treatment works. In this study, groups of batch experiments were designed to identify the characteristics of dewatered alum sludge for phosphorus adsorption. Air-dried alum sludge (moisture content 10.2%), which was collected from a water treatment works in Dublin, was subjected to artificial P-rich wastewater adsorption tests using KH2PO4 as a model P source. Adsorption behaviours were investigated as a function of amount and particle size of alum sludge, pH of solution and adsorption time. The results have shown that pH plays a major role not only in the adsorption process but also in the adsorption capacity. With regard to adsorption capacity, this study reveals the Langmuir adsorption isotherm being the best fit with experimental data (R2 = 0.98-0.99). The maximum adsorption capacities range from 0.7 to 3.5 mg-P/g when the pH of the synthetic P solution was varied from 9.0 to 4.3, accordingly. The outcome of this study indicated that alum sludge is suitable for use as an adsorbent for removal of phosphate from wastewater.     

基于极限学习机的堤防工程多元风险指标评价方法

为提高堤防工程风险评价的准确性,提出了基于极限学习机的堤防工程多元风险指标评价方法。首先,综合考虑影响堤防风险的28个评价指标,利用层次分析法从预警系统、堤防工程系统、环境系统和社会经济系统这4个方面建立了堤防工程多元风险评价指标体系。接着,基于极限学习机算法对28个指标进行标准化处理及分级标准构建,以风险指标作为输入量,分级隶属度作为输出量,划分风险等级,量化评价指标,估计多元风险评价指标值和判断风险的严重程度。最后,依托鄱阳湖重点堤防——康山大堤,构建多元风险评价指标体系,运用极限学习机算法计算多元风险评价指标值。评价结果表明:康山大堤目前处于基本安全水平,符合康山大堤经过两次加固后的工程实际情况,并与其他方法进行对比,验证了提出方法的可靠性和有效性。该方法可拓展应用到其他重要水工结构工程风险评估中。     

分区进水对ABR水解酸化效果影响的研究

试验采用四格室厌氧折流板反应器（ABR）,以单侧进水ABR对比研究了四点进水方式对ABR反应器的水解酸化功能的影响.结果表明,分区进水方式增强了ABR反应器的水解酸化功能,出水中VFA主要以甲酸、乙酸为主,COD的去除率高于单侧进水ABR。     

堤防工程标准化管理体系风险评估方法

为了完善堤防工程管理体系,依托鄱阳湖区重点堤防工程,将风险管理理论与堤防工程工作、技术、管理和考核标准化体系有机结合,建立了基于风险的堤防工程标准化管理体系,并且提出了标准化管理体系风险评估方法。首先,确定我国中部地区堤防工程生命、经济和社会与环境风险标准图;再借助风险矩阵法拟定生命、经济和社会与环境风险考核指标系数,估计综合考核指标系数,并将其融入标准化考核管理中得到基于风险的堤防工程标准化管理评分;最后,根据评分值来评价堤防工程标准化管理是否合格。结果表明:建立的堤防工程标准化管理体系不仅可为制定科学合理的堤防失事风险管理决策及措施提供理论和技术支持,而且可为其他堤防工程运行管理提供借鉴。     

南水北调中线总干渠逆止阀处地下水进入量及其对干渠水质影响分析--以焦作某内排段为例

为保障南水北调中线总干渠水质安全,以河南焦作某内排段为研究对象,基于GMS地下水数值模拟系统对逆止阀处地下水流向流线、进入量及其对干渠水质影响进行了模拟分析.由8种水量情景模拟结果得出:逆止阀处地下水进入量主要受地下水和总干渠水位差的影响,二者呈正相关.以SO2-4、NH3-N、NO3-N为分析因子,假定总干渠水质类别为Ⅱ类水,通过最差情况分析得出:地下水经逆止阀进入总干渠后,干渠水中SO2-4、NH3-N、NO3-N浓度值均超标,水质类别降为Ⅲ类水.采用逆推法分析得出:当干渠水中SO2-4、NH3-N、NO3-N质量浓度分别不超过221.676 8、0.067 9、9.083 2 mg/L时,即便污染的地下水通过逆止阀进入到总干渠,也能保证干渠水符合Ⅱ类水质标准.     

Temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of water resources in Guangdong Province based on a cloud model

With a focus on the difficulty of quantitatively describing the degree of nonuniformity of temporal and spatial distributions of water resources, quantitative research was carried out on the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of water resources in Guangdong Province from 1956 to 2000 based on a cloud model. The spatial variation of the temporal distribution characteristics and the temporal variation of the spatial distribution characteristics were both analyzed. In addition, the relationships between the numerical characteristics of the cloud model of temporal and spatial distributions of water resources and precipitation were also studied. The results show that, using a cloud model, it is possible to intuitively describe the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of water resources in cloud images. Water resources in Guangdong Province and their temporal and spatial distribution characteristics are differentiated by their geographic locations. Downstream and coastal areas have a larger amount of water resources with greater uniformity and stronger stability in terms of temporal distribution. Regions with more precipitation possess larger amounts of water resources, and years with more precipitation show greater nonuniformity in the spatial distribution of water resources. The correlation between the nonuniformity of the temporal distribution and local precipitation is small, and no correlation is found between the stability of the nonuniformity of the temporal and spatial distributions of water resources and precipitation. The amount of water resources in Guangdong Province shows an increasing trend from 1956 to 2000, the nonuniformity of the spatial distribution of water resources declines, and the stability of the nonuniformity of the spatial distribution of water resources is enhanced.     

基于光纤陀螺的水布垭水电站大坝面板挠度变形规律分析

水布垭水电站混凝土面板堆石坝采用光纤陀螺(FOG)监测面板挠度变形。通过对监测资料分析,全面揭示了水布垭面板堆石坝面板挠度变形特点和一般规律,即:面板挠度变形整体趋于收敛,坝高1/3附近和运行低水位高程附近面板反弹出现峰值。监测成果为大坝安全运行提供重要依据。     

Identification of relationship between sunspots and natural runoff in the Yellow River based on discrete wavelet analysis

Annual natural runoff is an important index of a river, which may be affected by solar activities. In this study, 304 years of annual natural runoff at the Sanmenxia station located in the Yellow River and the sunspot relative number are decomposed with the application of a Complex Morlet. According to the results of real part, modulus and second power of modulus, the annual runoff series at the Sanmenxia station has an obvious periodic oscillation on 90–100, 50–80, 35–50, 15–35, about 10, and less than 10-year scales. Also, there are obvious periodic variability with 60–90 years, 30–50 years and about 10 years. There are two centers of energy: one is about 1840–1850 on 7–11-year scale and the other is about 1825–1925 on 60–70-year scale. From the wavelet variance, 3, 26, 46, 68 year periods are detected within a 100-year scale, and the 68-year period is the most significant. Similar analyses are conducted for the sunspot relative number within the same period 1700–2003. The sunspot series shows 11- and 60-year period variation, as well as eight energy centers. Then, the correlation analyses for 11- and 60-year serial scales are computed. From a long-term period (1700–2003) view, there is no notable correlation between the natural runoff and the sunspot relative number; however, it is evident that the correlations exist within a short-term period. The results also indicate that the relationships between solar activities and the natural runoff in the Yellow River are complicated.     

基于DRAM的水质模拟不确定性分析和风险决策

将点源作为未知参数,结合一种新的马尔科夫链蒙特卡罗(MCMC)算法——延迟拒绝适应性Metropolis算法(DRAM),对钱塘江支流东阳江许村至义东桥河段的化学需氧量、氨氮、饱和溶解氧等3种指标的水质模型进行了贝叶斯参数估计.DRAM算法兼有延迟拒绝算法和适应性Metropolis算法的优点,且稳定收敛速度更快.基于抽样得到的马尔科夫链,对参数和模型误差项的后验分布进行了量化,并实现了点源的不确定性反演.用这个不确定性模型对污染物质量浓度的后验分布进行模拟,表现了良好的拟合效果.基于马尔科夫链,可对各类情景(如不同的水温、流量或点源排放情况)下的污染物超标风险进行直观的分析和预测,也易于实现敏感性分析.研究结果能帮助管理者制定不同水期的减排和调水风险决策,为钱塘江流域的水污染风险管理提供支持.