Hierarchical multi-reservoir optimization modeling for real-world complexity with application to the Three Gorges system

High dimensionality in real-world multi-reservoir systems greatly hinders the application and popularity of evolutionary algorithms, especially for systems with heterogeneous units. An efficient hierarchical optimization framework is presented for search space reduction, determining the best water distributions, not only between cascade reservoirs, but also among different types of hydropower units. The framework is applied to the Three Gorges Project (TGP) system and the results demonstrate that the difficulties of multi-reservoir optimization caused by high dimensionality can be effectively solved by the proposed hierarchical method. For the day studied, power output could be increased by 6.79 GWh using an optimal decision with the same amount of water actually used; while the same amount of power could be generated with 2.59 × 10⁷ m³ less water compared to the historical policy. The methodology proposed is general in that it can be used for other reservoir systems and other types of heterogeneous unit generators.     

丹江口工程大坝加高后的几个水力学问题

依托1∶100水工模型试验成果,重点介绍了丹江口大坝加高后的几个水力学问题如泄流能力、坝面压力特性、河床局部冲刷、下游河道流速流态、泄洪对电厂及航运的影响等.研究显示:大坝加高后泄流能力可满足设计要求,坝下河床冲刷加重,挑距加远,设计洪水22 300 m3/s时坝下冲坑最低点高程为43.0 m,各级泄量冲坑上游坡均缓于临界坡,也略缓于初期工程同级流量冲坑的上游坡;坝下600 m以内为护岸工程重点防护段,岸边流速为5.8～9.8 m/s;泄洪对丹江口电厂影响较小,对自备电站不利影响较为显著;最大通航流量6 200 m3/s时下游引航道口门区流态复杂,水流较混乱.     

Evolution of weakly non-linear shallow water waves generated by a moving boundary

Summary In this study we describe the evolution of weakly non-linear shallow water waves in a rectangular channel of 16 m length which aregenerated by a moving boundary. We present a detailed comparison of computaticnal and observational waveheight-time series and thus verify the theoretical model as presented by Villeneuve and Savage [27].Three different types of wave generating devices were used: pistons with vertical and inclined frontal faces, submerged boxes and a rotating plate. Waveheight-time series are recorded at eight different positions along the channel by electrical resistivity gauges, and velocity profiles are determined at certain selective cross sections. Data of many wave experiments are presented in nondimensional form. This representation reveals that the initial wave forms depend upon a Froude number of the motion of the wave generator, the slope angle of the wedge-type pistons and on the dimensionless displaced volume. Evolving waveheight-time series that are recorded at the various gauges are compared with those obtained from computations by use of equations which generalize the Boussinesq equations to include time variations of the boundaries.The method of inverse scattering is applied both, experimental and numerical waveheight-time series are prescribed as initial data. Results are tested relative to two different observers one fixed in time the other fixed in space. Deviations are shown to be small in all cases.     

Use of biocompatible calcium-phosphate glass ceramic BGC in surgical treatment of maxillary cysts

The possibility of using the granulated form of biocompatible material made of calcium-phosphate glass ceramic BGC for treatment of maxillary cysts was demonstrated.     

堰塞坝溃决模拟研究综述与展望

堰塞坝几何形态、粒径级配和库容决定了其溃决机理的复杂性,而溃决过程的精细模拟和峰值流量的准确预测是应急处置的基础和关键。堰塞坝溃决过程与模拟技术是面向国家防灾减灾重大需求的前沿热点问题。在系统梳理国内外试验和数值模拟研究进展的基础上,指出以往试验研究坝体尺度小,足够大的库容基本未模拟,难以显示最终溃口形态;数学模型假设过多,物理机制不健全,均有待发展完善。提出了下阶段大尺度模型试验研究的方案与思路,重点阐明堰塞坝破坏机制与溃口演变完整规律,揭示溃口发展物理全过程。同时,建议开发能够模拟全场和溃决全过程的平面二维水沙耦合数学模型,摈弃长期以来对溃口流量、溃口形状、边坡坡度、残留坝体高程、溃决时间等的事先假设,而将其视为水沙床耦合数学模型数值解的一部分,以期提升堰塞坝溃决模拟水平和预测精度。     

汉江碾盘山电站水力一体拦导漂排设计研究

汉江流域水草漂浮物多发,影响水生态环境、发电、航运、供水等,故对碾盘山水电站拦导漂排设计方案进行了比选研究。当前水电站工程漂浮物治理多依靠人力与船只机械清理,存在安全、失控、低效等诸多问题,不利于工程发挥长期稳定效果。根据汉江漂浮物特征及碾盘山枢纽运行特点,经对设计方案结构荷载和安全稳定分析,运用已开发的水力一体拦导漂浮排技术装备和实用成果,在电站引水渠布置水力一体拦导漂排,将漂浮物引导至泄水闸适时开闸排向下游。该方案有利于充分发挥电站发电效益,保障工程安全运行。水力一体治漂适应漂浮物规律,系列技术适应各类工程综合治漂,解决工程治漂短板。     

流量对事故闸门门体水力荷载影响数值模拟研究

抽水蓄能电站事故闸门动水闭门可靠性及门体水力荷载特性一直是闸门设计和运行中的核心问题,本文通过数值模拟,对响水涧抽水蓄能电站上库进水口事故闸门在不同事故流量工况下动水闭门过程的门体水力荷载进行研究,并与模型试验结果进行比较分析,相同事故工况的数值计算成果和模型试验成果吻合较好,表明采用RNG k~ε模型和VOF方法对平面闸门动水关闭的非恒定流过程进行数值模拟能够取得较好的结果。数值模拟计算结果表明流道的过流量对事故闸门门体水力荷载影响显著,初始事故流量越大,闸门动水关闭过程中闸门区满流向明流过渡时刻的闸门相对开度越大,闸门上游底缘上托力越小,事故闸门动水闭门的持住力相应越大。事故流量由151 m~3/s增大至800 m~3/s时,闭门持住力增大约20%。计算分析结果可为相关闸门的设计和运行提供参考。     

基于常见供水格局的水库群供水预警及响应策略研究

随着区域经济社会发展对用水量需求的增加,区域内逐渐形成多水库供水格局。本文针对一种常见的水库群供水格局开展供水预警研究,给出供水预警含义、预警指标及预警线形式、分级分期预警指标阈值确定方法和预警响应策略等。以缺水区域缺水量最小为目标,提出以水库蓄水量为控制指标的分级分期预警体系:即划定不同等级预警线,按照不同分期对预警线进行细化;基于长系列逆时序法供需计算确定预警指标;依据水库预警线确定水库群调水和供水规则,实现多水库联合调度。并以永康市三座中型水库组成的水库群为例,进行水库区供水预警及响应策略的实际应用。研究成果为水库调度决策部门提供了新的调度思路,为干旱期水库群供水运行管理提供依据。     

弯道流水域热浮力排放扩散器参数优化物理模型试验研究

弯道河流水域排放口布置常选择在弯道凹岸侧,以充分利用弯道环流加快稀释,然而弯道环流条件下排放口近区稀释特性与均匀流条件下存在较大差异,相关研究较少。本文在大比例尺物理模型试验中模拟复杂地形和弯道流动条件下扩散器热浮力排放近区稀释规律,采用平面激光诱导荧光(Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence,PLIF)技术进行断面浓度测量,分析了弯道环流对近区浮射流稀释扩散的影响,对扩散器出流仰角、出流水平方位角和离岸距离等进行了优化,在此基础上提出了适用于弯道水域地形条件热浮力排放的近水平非等高多喷口离岸向排放型式。研究结果对于类似弯道水域热浮力排放扩散器优化研究具有参考意义。     

基于Herschel-Bulkley流变模型的滑坡涌浪数值模拟方法研究

山区水库滑坡涌浪灾害严重威胁库区航运、水工建筑物及沿岸城镇的安全,针对这类次生灾害进行预测和早期防范具有重要意义。滑坡冲击水体形成涌浪的动力过程十分复杂,对其进行准确模拟一直是近年来的研究热点。本文将滑坡视为由流体化物质组成的一类连续的特殊流体,在满足连续方程和动量方程的基础上,引入Realizable k-ε紊流模型和VOF模型,采用自定义函数程序控制滑坡流变特征和底部摩擦阻力,利用有限体积法模拟了Lituya海湾滑坡涌浪运动的全过程,数值模拟得到的涌浪生成形态、速度矢量场与试验结果吻合较好。通过对库区滑坡涌浪开展三维数值模拟,定量获得了不同时刻下库区内涌浪的运动信息。结果表明,涌浪在狭窄顺直河道内传播时波高衰减缓慢,波形类似于孤立波,而在库区弯道地形影响下波幅会迅速衰减。论文研究成果可为科学制定涌浪灾害应急预案和紧急避险方案提供依据。