大面积水域浓度场测试方法及系统研究

针对大面积水域浓度场难以实现实时测量、测量精度不高等问题,采用了一种多通道荧光测试系统和方法。首先,基于单色光诱导荧光检测浓度(LIF)原理,使用探头获取离散点的浓度参数。然后,经总线或通信网络技术,将数百个测点连接起来。最后,通过数据总线或网络将采集的数据输送到中央测控计算机中,处理离散的数据后形成完整的浓度场。在恒定流浓度场中的试验结果表明,污染物测量相对误差均值不超过5%,单次测量相对误差最高值为8.33%,传感器线性度不超过5%,可检测的荧光素钠溶液浓度分辨率为0.001 ppm,系统测量稳定、精度较高。相较于其他浓度测量方法,该系统具有测量面积大、实时测量的优势,可为水污染防治等领域提供可靠的技术支撑。     

Effect of surfactant microstructures on photocatalytic degradation of phenol and chlorophenols

The effect of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HTAB) on the photocatalytic degradation of phenol (Phe), 2,5-dichlorophenol (2,5-DCP) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenol (2,4,5-TCP) in the presence of aqueous TiO₂ suspensions at pH ca. 5 was investigated using a laboratory photoreactor equipped with a medium-pressure mercury lamp. Inhibition of substrate decomposition was observed for phenol, both below and above the surfactant critical micellar concentration, whereas a more complex behaviour was exhibited by chlorophenols. It was found that adsorption of these compounds onto the surfactant-modified semiconductor particles facilitates their faster decomposition, but the competitive partition of substrates between adsorbed surfactant structures and micellar aggregates tends to limit the beneficial kinetic effects at higher amphiphile concentrations. The crucial influence of surfactant adsorption was clearly evidenced in some runs performed at pH 3. Relevant inhibition of chloride release from chlorophenols, observed in the presence of HTAB, indicates a higher persistence of reaction intermediates in the reaction media, suggesting the need for a careful investigation of surfactant effects on all the degradation steps of the process.     

峡江水利枢纽电站取水防沙试验研究

为解决峡江水利枢纽泥沙淤塞库区,避免泥沙进入电站,对取水防沙原设计方案试验中存在的问题进行了分析.改进了拦沙坎的布置方案,提出拦沙坎头部上延与上游自然河湾平顺衔接,以使形成的人工弯道环流导流排沙方案为最优取水防沙方案.探讨了优化方案的取水防沙效果,提出了运行时应注意的事项.     

基于有限元法的E-K模型参数敏感性分析

模型参数的确定是数值分析过程中的重要环节,合理把握参数的选取原则,可大大提高结构分析的可靠度以及参数反分析的计算效率.本文借助有限单元法考察了E-K模型参数变化对一个均质堤坝的位移和应力值的影响程度.通过分析明确了E-K模型中各参数对计算结果的敏感程度,同时提出了模型参数的选取原则.     

鄱阳湖湖区三站点水质评价及其变化特征研究

应用模糊综合定量评价法对鄱阳湖星子站、都昌站、棠荫站区域的水质进行了评价,以3个指标(氨氮、高锰酸盐指数、总磷)作为评价因子,建立评价矩阵,计算出因子权重,得出特征指数,最后评价出水质级别,该方法能够得到其它方法难以达到的客观性和综合性。水质监测数据和评价结果表明:2003-2008年鄱阳湖3站点水质状况尚属良好,大部分时期在Ⅱ、Ⅲ类水平,但也有部分时段超标;在劣于Ⅱ类水的情况下,3个站点所在区域枯水期水质均比丰水期和平水期差。     

万安水库发电调度规律分析

本文根据万安水库电站目前的现状,利用已有的长系列入库径流资料,采用动态规划方法进行了长系列的发电优化调度计算和分析。本文的特点在于,一是考虑了主汛期和后汛期运行水位的不同组合对发电调度的影响;二是对优化计算结果进行了大量统计分析,分析得出了水库水位变化规律、水库汛末蓄满概率、发电调度规律等,并归纳出实用的发电调度函数(指导线)。     

Catalytic activity of aluminium form of Y-type zeolites for the Claus reaction

Y-type zeolites modified with aluminium and activated at temperature below 470 K has bee found to be an effective catalyst for the Claus reaction. The activity of this modified form is higher than that of NaY pretreated under the same conditions. The basic OH groups are believed to be active centers involved in the catalytic process. Removal of these groups by means of high-temperature treatment or fluorination of the sample brings about a considerable decrease in the catalytic activity.     

基于TIN模型和直接暴露方法的长沙土壤中重金属来源识别及人类健康风险评价(英文)

通过采集153个样品分析长沙市土壤中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn的含量,利用多元统计、地学统计、直接暴露以及不规则三角网模型(TIN模型)等方法分析土壤中重金属的来源、空间分布以及对儿童的健康风险。结果表明:长沙地区部分区域需经过污染治理后才适合人类生活;约9.0%的区域风险值超过了临界值1.0,1.9%的区域风险值大于2.0,其中高风险主要集中在南部和西部地区;元素As和口腔摄入途径是儿童的主要健康风险来源;土壤重金属的直接暴露对儿童所产生的健康风险应该受到研究者的重视。     

基于模糊综合评价的年度用水总量考核评价研究

对地区年度用水总量进行合理考核评价是有效落实用水总量控制制度的重要方式。为确保评价方法具有实用性和可行性,本文从农业、工业、生活和生态4个方面的主要影响指标入手,分析各单项用水量的合理性,采用层次分析法和模糊综合评价法构建了用水总量合理性评价模型。选取萍乡市进行实例验证,结果表明本模型计算结果可信可行。     

Ingestion risks of metals in groundwater based on TIN model and dose-response assessment — A case study in the Xiangjiang watershed, central-south China

Groundwater samples were collected in the Xiangjiang watershed in China from 2002 to 2008 to analyze concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, mercury, manganese, and zinc. Spatial and seasonal trends of metal concentrations were then discussed. Combined with geostatistics, an ingestion risk assessment of metals in groundwater was performed using the dose-response assessment method and the triangulated irregular network (TIN) model. Arsenic concentration in groundwater had a larger variation from year to year, while the variations of other metal concentrations were minor. Meanwhile, As concentrations in groundwater over the period of 2002-2004 were significantly higher than that over the period of 2005-2007, indicating the improvement of groundwater quality within the later year. The hazard index (HI) in 2002 was also significantly higher than that in 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008. Moreover, more than 80% of the study area recorded an HI of more than 1.0 for children, suggesting that some people will experience deleterious health effects from drinking groundwater in the Xiangjiang watershed. Arsenic and manganese were the largest contributors to human health risks (HHRs). This study highlights the value of long-term health risk evaluation and the importance of geographic information system (GIS) technologies in the assessment of watershed-scale human health risk.