Identification of relationship between sunspots and natural runoff in the Yellow River based on discrete wavelet analysis

Annual natural runoff is an important index of a river, which may be affected by solar activities. In this study, 304 years of annual natural runoff at the Sanmenxia station located in the Yellow River and the sunspot relative number are decomposed with the application of a Complex Morlet. According to the results of real part, modulus and second power of modulus, the annual runoff series at the Sanmenxia station has an obvious periodic oscillation on 90–100, 50–80, 35–50, 15–35, about 10, and less than 10-year scales. Also, there are obvious periodic variability with 60–90 years, 30–50 years and about 10 years. There are two centers of energy: one is about 1840–1850 on 7–11-year scale and the other is about 1825–1925 on 60–70-year scale. From the wavelet variance, 3, 26, 46, 68 year periods are detected within a 100-year scale, and the 68-year period is the most significant. Similar analyses are conducted for the sunspot relative number within the same period 1700–2003. The sunspot series shows 11- and 60-year period variation, as well as eight energy centers. Then, the correlation analyses for 11- and 60-year serial scales are computed. From a long-term period (1700–2003) view, there is no notable correlation between the natural runoff and the sunspot relative number; however, it is evident that the correlations exist within a short-term period. The results also indicate that the relationships between solar activities and the natural runoff in the Yellow River are complicated.     

Experiments on the short-term development of sine-generated meandering rivers

This paper presents recent works on the simulation of short-term development of sine-generated meandering river in laboratory conditions. The influences of initial system parameters on the evolution process of rivers are investigated, including control over channel sinuousness, channel width and dominant discharge, eventually leading to different results of planforms. Measurements on the bank-line, flow field, bed topography and sediment transport rate were carried out. Braided rivers are easy to produce using non-cohesive sediments in floodplains, whereas environmental temperatures and humidities could influence the fluvial process by their effects on material cohesion. Channelized rivers were obtained in the “High Flow” conditions and the river corridor width was proven to be mainly connected with initial channel sinuousness and water discharge. Sickle-shaped and bamboo leaves-shaped sandbars were formed in the channels during the transformation process of meandering to braiding, the stability degree of sandbars reflects the adaption of channel morphology to hydrodynamic condition. Quantitative analysis confirms the formation of free steady bars, which manifests the free response as a downstream oscillation of the perturbation. Damping length is mainly affected by dominant discharge, channel width is the secondary factor, and channel sinuousness is the weakest factor. The wavelength of steady bars approximately equals to half of the initial streamwise wavelength. Sediment transport rate tends to increase with the increasing of channel sinuousness but stops growing due to the excessive increase of flow route and flow friction. The experiment results could be useful for verifying river pattern discriminant functions and offer a basis for further study on the morphological evolution of large-scale natural rivers, such as Yangtze River.     

基于温度体模型的动网格生成方法及在流固耦合振动中的应用

提出温度体模型动网格生成方法,并将其应用于流固耦合算法,生成物体振动过程中的动态网格。温度体模型动网格方法将运动边界的位移映射为求解域的温度边界条件,以流体能量方程或固体导热方程作为控制方程求解得到计算域内的温度分布,将求解得到的温度分布作为网格节点的动态位移。基于温度体模型的动网格方法物理意义清晰,算法实现简单,能够快速而有效地生成高品质的动态网格,特别在边界位移大的情况下与其他网格生成方法相比有较大的优势。最后采用流固耦合有限元算法求解了定浆式轴流泵强迫振动过程中连锁特性和柱体由于旋涡脱落诱发自激振动两个工程问题。其中流场采用基于特征线方程的分离算法进行求解,固体场采用Newmark方法进行求解,在计算过程中采用温度体模型生成动态网格。结果表明该发展的算法性能优异,能有效解决流固耦合中的振动问题。     

不同加载速率下饱和混凝土的劈拉试验研究及强度变化机理

利用大型液压伺服试验机研究了不同加载速率下饱和混凝土与干燥混凝土的劈拉强度变化情况,试验研究表明:在准静态加载时,与干燥的混凝土相比饱和混凝土的劈拉强度有所降低,随着加载速率的升高,饱和混凝土的的动态劈拉强度有较大的提高。通过对干、湿混凝土强度变化的比较表明:孔隙及裂缝中的自由水对混凝土强度有所影响。根据细观层次上、不同加载速率下裂纹中孔隙水压力的作用形式(即低加载率时孔隙水的“楔入”作用和高加载率时的“Stefan效应”),利用断裂力学来探讨不同加载速率下饱和混凝土劈拉强度的变化机理。结果表明:提出的机理可以较好地解释饱和混凝土强度的变化情况。     

百色水利枢纽主坝坝基三维抗滑稳定分析

百色水利枢纽位于广西百色市郁江上游的右江河段，其溢流坝段深层抗滑稳定问题受到高度关注。山于溢流坝段不同断面的二维安全系数相筹较大，很难确定整个坝段的抗滑稳定安全系数，采用基于上限定理由的三维极限分析方法米分析这一问题。计算中采用的岩体参数通过地质力学试验以及节理随机网络模拟确定，分析了两种最可能的滑动模式。结果表明，在考虑三维效应之后，溢流坝段可以认为足安全的。然而，为进一步确保坝基的安全，需要在溢流坝段坝踵位置建造一个5m深的齿槽。     

Use of computational fluid dynamics to model reservoir mixing and destratification

Destratification of reservoirs by the use of artificial mixing is a method of improving the impounded water quality. In order to design a destratification device at Stocks Reservoir, NW England, a Computational Fluid Dynamics model was used to trial different types and sizes of mixing device. It was found that a perforated pipe bubble mixing device performed far better than a large banana blade mixer at destratifying Stocks Reservoir. Two important criteria for the effective operation of a mixing device were established. These were a minimum upflow velocity of entrained water through the reservoir, and the need for a reverse flow along the surface of the reservoir away from the abstraction point. These criteria have been incorporated into design equations which can be extended to use at other reservoirs. A bubble mixer was installed at Stocks Reservoir, and has been shown to fully destratify the reservoir and to reduce the levels of dissolved manganese in the water by more than 50%.     

无限深透水地基上土石坝微透水水平防渗体对渗流的影响

对无限深透水地基上土石坝微透水水平铺盖防渗体长度的选取进行了相关的模型实验,再利用有限元法建立数学模型进行理论计算,并将理论数据和实验数据进行对比分析,最后通过微渗透防渗体和不透水防渗体的渗流数据进行对比,进而确定了微透水水平铺盖的长度.     

无限元应用于土石坝坝基远场探讨

采用ABAQUS有限元计算软件对某土石坝进行分析,坝体及坝基近场采用有限元模拟,坝基远场采用无限元模拟。在常规分析步下利用反推法计算侧压力系数,并将其运用到已建的有限元-无限元模型中,计算结果表明,求出的侧压力系数精确,用其进行初始地应力平衡效果良好。无限元方法与常规有限元模型结果对比表明,无限元模拟土石坝坝基远场的方法计算成本低、计算结果精度高,具有明显的优越性与合理性。     

Upwinding in the method of lines

The method of lines (MOL) is a procedure for the numerical integration of partial differential equations (PDEs). Briefly, the spatial (boundary value) derivatives of the PDEs are approximated algebraically using, for example, finite differences (FDs). If the PDEs have only one initial value variable, typically time, then a system of initial value ordinary differential equations (ODEs) results through the algebraic approximation of the spatial derivatives.If the PDEs are strongly convective (strongly hyperbolic), they can propagate sharp fronts and even discontinuities, which are difficult to resolve in space. Experience has demonstrated that for these systems, some form of upwinding is generally required when replacing the spatial derivatives with algebraic approximations. Here we investigate the performance of various forms of upwinding to provide some guidance in the selection of upwind methods in the MOL solution of strongly convective PDEs.