Membrane bioreactor with nonwoven fabrics as solid–liquid separation media for wastewater treatment

A nonwoven fabric module was utilized as a solid–liquid separation medium in a membrane bioreactor (MBR) for treating wastewater. The experimental results indicated that nonwoven fabrics had lower filtration resistance than microporous membranes in MBR applications. The optimal aeration intensity was approximately 0.01m³/m² s. The effect of mixed liquor suspended solid concentration on filtration resistance was not significant at an operating flux of under 0.8m³/m² d in the study range. The performance of nonwoven fabrics in a MBR application was further demonstrated in a pilot test. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) and suspended solids (SS) in the effluent were maintained under 60 and 10 mg/L, respectively, whereas influent COD varied from 800 to 1800mg/L. The transmembrane pressure was maintained below 5 kPa at a permeation flux of 0.18m³/m² d. The experimental results demonstrated that nonwoven fabrics maintained stable operation in MBR applications under appropriate operating conditions.     

Reputation management algorithms for DHT-based peer-to-peer environment

This paper addresses the problem of integration of reputation management mechanisms into data look-up and routing processes to cope with some specific security problems in peer-to-peer (P2P) networks based on Distributed Hash Tables (DHT). The goal is to find a mode for “good” peers to cooperate in order to withstand malicious activity of single malevolent peers and their collusions as well.We start from consideration of individual instruments for reputation evaluation that every single peer should be provided with to autonomously define the level of its own trust towards others. We also propose a possible scenario of integration of some existing reputation management techniques and routing mechanisms in a P2P network based on the popular Kademlia algorithm. Then, we present an interaction algorithm that allows peers to obtain the global trust value for each single node through exchanging opinions in the form of local trust values independently calculated by every peer with other members of the community. Such collaboration between peers is indispensable to cope with malicious activity of inconsistent nature specific to DHT-based environment. To render the algorithm resilient to the presence of malicious participants we propose to apply solutions for Byzantine Agreement to exchange opinions among peers. We also provide mathematical evaluations concerning the complexity and computational costs of the proposed algorithm that evidence apparent improvements over the previous one.     

环保型水处理药剂应用现状及发展趋势

分析我国水处理药剂发展面临的机遇,阐述环保型水处理药剂的应用现状,认为水处理药剂在混凝理论不断创新的坚实基础上,将向绿色水处理药剂、多元复合水处理药剂和纳米材料、微生物絮凝剂等新型高效水处理药剂的方向高速发展。     

用生物测试评价臭氧-生物活性炭净水工艺

设计了一组基于生物标记物的生物测试方法,并用于评价南方某水厂臭氧-生物活性炭中试工艺对水中痕量有机有毒污染物的去除效果.测试方法包括检测类雌激素效应物质的重组基因酵母试验,检测遗传毒性物质的SOS/umu试验和检测芳烃(Ah)受体效应物质的EROD试验.研究表明,仅在水库原水中存在很低浓度水平的间接遗传毒性物质,水处理各工艺出水均为阴性.工艺对类雌激素效应物质和Ah受体效应物质的去除率分别为91.3%和90.6%,主要在臭氧工艺段得到有效去除.采用成组生物标记物方法可以对饮用水中的痕量有机污染物进行毒性筛选或测试,适用于对水处理工艺的风险评价.     

Closing the Knowledge-Application Gap in Organisations through Incentives: Experience from the National Water and Sewerage Corporation in Uganda

Recent decades have seen a steady rise of knowledge and capacity development (KCD) interventions targeting organisations in developing countries. This paper argues that very often the main challenge facing organisations is not the development of knowledge and capacity per se, but their actual use. Drawing on the case of Uganda's National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC), we identify and discuss a number of interrelated factors (internal and external) that have allowed the utility to turn its knowledge base into improved performance. We conclude that utilities can close their knowledge-application gap by introducing a corporate culture that motivates staff to apply their knowledge.     

不同条件下低温低浊水混凝试验研究

为了保证饮用水水质并实现节能降耗,宁夏宁东水厂采用调节原水pH值,投加高锰酸钾的方式来强化常规处理工艺。结果表明,调节pH值对于处理偏碱性的低温低浊水具有良好的净化效果。当原水pH值调节为中性时,混凝效果达到最优;适当使用聚丙烯酰胺可以优化混凝效果,但由于聚丙烯酰胺具有毒性,在实际运行中要慎重使用;高锰酸钾预氧化可有效提高低温低浊水的处理效果,对于提高冬季低温低浊水处理效果具有重要影响;通过滤池反冲洗水回流的方法．可以提高原水中颗粒物的数量．有助于提高水处理过程中颗粒碰撞效率,改善混凝效果。     

高锰酸钾与粉末活性炭联用处理低温低浊水研究

考察了高锰酸钾与粉末活性炭联用对宁夏宁东水厂冬季低温低浊水的处理效果。结果表明,单独使用高锰酸钾做助凝剂,聚合氯化铝作为混凝剂时,随着高锰酸钾投加量的增加,浊度去除率呈现先增加后减小的趋势,当高锰酸钾投加量达到0．5mg／L时,浊度去除率最高,出水CODMn和UV254的去除率随高锰酸钾投加量的升高而上升;UV254的去除率随着粉末活性炭投加量的增加而升高,当粉末活性炭投加量大于30mg／L时,其对浊度的去除率无明显影响;高锰酸钾与粉末活性炭联用可以明显提高低温低浊水的浊度和UV254的去除率,在我国冬季北方低温低浊水处理中具有广泛的应用前景。     

碳酸钙沉淀法检测混浊原水中“两虫”的研究

对于混浊水源水中"两虫"的检测,选定有效的浓缩富集及分离纯化方法尤为重要。滤囊/滤芯富集—免疫磁分离(IMS)组合方法对混浊水源水的预处理效果较好,但成本过高。为此,研究了碳酸钙沉淀法对某混浊河水中"两虫"的浓缩富集效果,并对浓缩后样品比较了密度梯度离心法和免疫磁分离法的分离纯化效果。结果发现,利用碳酸钙沉淀法可有效实现水中"两虫"的富集;从分离纯化效果来看,Percoll—蔗糖密度梯度离心方法对贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫的平均回收率分别可达72.3%和39.5%,相对标准偏差分别为10.8%和11.9%;与国标方法中免疫磁分离方法的效果相当,但可显著降低分析成本。因此,碳酸钙沉淀—密度梯度离心组合技术用于混浊水源水中"两虫"的检测具有较好的应用前景。     

新型纳米平板陶瓷膜在纸箱生产废水回用中的工程应用

采用混凝沉淀+水解酸化+MBR+活性炭吸附组合工艺来回用纸箱厂废水。MBR膜采用的是新型纳米平板陶瓷膜。介绍了各处理段的工艺特点、构筑物的设计尺寸、设备选型等,并对新型纳米平板陶瓷膜的清洗进行了介绍。系统运行一年,出水水质稳定,优于≤城市污水再生利用城市杂用水水质≥GB/T 18920-2002表1中的城市绿化排放标准,即BOD5≤20 g/L,浊度≤10 NTU,色度≤30,并分析了本工程的处理成本及所产生的经济效益。