Heavy metal contents of road-deposited sediment along the urban-rural gradient around Beijing and its potential contribution to runoff pollution

Understanding the contribution of road-deposited sediment (RDS) and its washoff process is essential for controlling urban runoff pollution. Ninety-seven RDS samples were collected along the urban-suburban-rural gradient from areas of five administrative units in the Beijing metropolitan region, including central urban (UCA), urban village (UVA), central suburban county (CSA), rural town (RTA), and rural village (RVA) areas. RDS washoff was evaluated with different particle sizes using a rainfall simulator. Heavy metal elements (i.e., Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) were estimated in both RDS and runoff samples. The RDS mass per unit area increased in the order UCA (21 ± 24 g/m(2)) ≈ CSA (20 ± 16 g/m(2)) < RTA (59 ± 63 g/m(2)) < RVA (147 ± 112 g/m(2)) ≈ UVA (147 ± 198 g/m(2)). Compared to RDS from the other administrative units, RDS from the UCA and CSA had higher metal concentrations and higher proportions of smaller particles, whereas that from the RVA and UVA had larger quantities of metals per unit area. UCA and CSA had lower potential runoff pollution contributions per unit area. Our findings imply that controlling the first flush in the UCA and CSA, and improving existing street cleaning methods and road surface conditions in the TRA, UVA, and RVA will be appropriate strategies for controlling runoff pollution from RDS.     

Managing major chemical accidents in China: towards effective risk information

Chemical industries, from their very inception, have been controversial due to the high risks they impose on safety of human beings and the environment. Recent decades have witnessed increasing impacts of the accelerating expansion of chemical industries and chemical accidents have become a major contributor to environmental and health risks in China. This calls for the establishment of an effective chemical risk management system, which requires reliable, accurate and comprehensive data in the first place. However, the current chemical accident-related data system is highly fragmented and incomplete, as different responsible authorities adopt different data collection standards and procedures for different purposes. In building a more comprehensive, integrated and effective information system, this article: (i) reviews and assesses the existing data sources and data management, (ii) analyzes data on 976 recorded major hazardous chemical accidents in China over the last 40 years, and (iii) identifies the improvements required for developing integrated risk management in China.     

1979—2019年大汶河流域湿地时空演变与分异研究

选取1979—2019年Landsat遥感影像数据,提取黄河下游大汶河流域自然湿地与人工湿地,利用标准差椭圆、空间自相关等方法分析了大汶河流域湿地时空演变、分异特征及其驱动因素。结果表明:1979—2019年大汶河流域湿地面积具有增加的趋势,标准椭圆重心大幅向西北迁移;流域湿地具有显著空间自相关聚集特性,全局平均莫兰指数为0.67;湖泊、河流等自然湿地局部莫兰指数呈现“高高”型空间聚集分布特点,在空间上更易聚集,而库塘人工湿地局部莫兰指数呈现“高低”和“低高”型空间聚集分布特点,具有空间分散规律,空间异质性较强;大汶河流域湿地在未受到强烈自然或人为因素干扰的状态下,湿地空间分布聚集程度越高,相关性越显著;1989年大汶河流域干旱事件、2019年东平湖南水北调工程启动等极端灾害与人类活动均导致流域湿地面积、标准椭圆重心、空间聚集性与异质性发生极大波动;东平湖湖泊湿地生态功能的保护与修复对保障南水北调工程水质起着重要作用,是大汶河流域湿地生态功能保障的关键所在。     

An enhanced dust index for Asian dust detection with MODIS images

An enhanced dust index (EDI) for Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) solar reflectance bands is proposed that provides a means to detect the dust status of the atmosphere. The EDI utilizes only solar reflectance channels and may therefore be applied consistently to the entire MODIS time series records (1999 to present) for daytime dust observation, producing a higher spatial resolution (500 m) dust result than that from thermal-infrared records (1000 m), which were developed previously and are currently being used. The index introduces dust optical density (α), which can be simply estimated by spectral unmixing, into the normalized difference between reflectance at near-infrared (2.13 μm) and blue (0.469 μm). Dust severity can thus be rated from weak to severe within a standard range of –1 to 1. The index was applied to 11 typical dust events during 2000–2010 in East Asia, where it showed good coherence with meteorological station-observed visibility (R ² = 0.7909, p < 0.05) and standardized visibility (R ² = 0.7128, p < 0.05). Further comparison with the commonly used normalized difference dust index (NDDI) and brightness temperature difference (BTD) between MODIS bands 31 and 32 also indicated a better performance of the EDI in identifying the spatial and density distributions of dust. Previously applied satellite-based dust indices, particularly for the visible and near-infrared, can therefore be improved for a better quantification of dust aerosols.     

考虑弥散尺度效应与不动水体的反应性溶质运移动力学模型及半解析解

将弥散度概化为运移距离的渐进函数,并考虑土壤孔隙中存在的不动水体以及溶质的吸附和降解,建立了考虑弥散尺度效应的溶质运移两区模型(TRMS,Two-Region Model with Scale-dependent Dispersion),通过Laplace变换和de Hoog数值反演方法求得了模型的半解析解,并运用混合拉普拉斯变换有限差分法验证了半解析解的准确性。通过TRMS与弥散度为常数的两区模型(TRMC,Two-Region Model with Constant Dispersion)之间的比较,分析了弥散尺度效应对溶质运移过程的影响,并利用算术平均方法计算了TRMS的等效弥散度,最后应用TRMS和TRMC模拟了长度为1250cm的一维非均质土柱中的溶质运移过程。结果表明:TRMS的等效弥散度反映了弥散尺度效应的影响,可以近似作为区域弥散度的平均值,采用等效弥散度时,TRMC描述的穿透曲线与TRMS的模拟结果基本一致;TRMC的模拟结果与非均质长土柱的浓度实测值存在较大偏差,而TRMS的模拟精度有了较大程度的提高,能够更好地模拟非均质长土柱中溶质的不规则运移过程,说明本文建立的TRMS能够较好地模拟非均质介质中溶质在较大尺度上的运移过程。     

生态社区评价指标体系发展与应用

生态社区的发展和建设是我国新型城市化背景下生态文明建设和城市发展战略的重要组成部分。当前,急需构建客观完善的生态社区评价指标体系,作为指导和推广生态社区规划、建设、运行和管理依据。本研究基于科学性、过程管理和可操作性三原则,提出了一套城市生态社区运行管理评价指标体系,明确了体系的目的、各级指标及其量化计算方法和各指标权重,以期为我国生态社区运行管理提供评价依据。