宁夏汉延渠灌区灌溉水利用系数测算分析与评价

农田灌溉水利用系数表示从水源引水被农作物吸收利用的过程,是反应灌区灌溉用水效率的一项指标。本文以汉延渠灌区为例,综合考虑宁夏的气候环境、土壤类型、灌溉制度及作物种植结构等因素,选取典型渠段和样点灌区,分别采用"连乘法"和"首尾法"计算宁夏汉延渠灌区2018—2019年的灌溉水利用系数,并对其进行对比分析评价,从而确定灌区适宜的计算方法。     

宁夏黄河段水库泥沙淤积对大坝防渗与结构安全影响研究

以宁夏黄河段某水库为例,在对其泥沙淤积原因进行总结分析的基础上,对其淤积情况下大坝渗流分析、结构分析及抗震安全分析进行了有限元计算。研究表明:(1)泥沙淤积情况下大坝渗漏量减小,大坝稳定性增强,抗震安全系数增大;(2)泥沙淤积导致水库有效库容减小,水库建筑物无法正常工作,水库下游生活用水和农业用水无法满足,应采取必要的清淤措施。     

宁夏节水型载体建设与考核研究

节水型学校是节水型社会建设的重要载体,结合宁夏实际情况,以学校为例提出了节水型学校的建设要求.在用水水平调研及专家、技术人员咨询的基础上,对宁夏节水型学校建设及考核标准进行了研究,制定了包括技术及管理指标在内的定量及定性指标.     

基于区域水资源承载力的山西生态小水电建设

水资源承载力是衡量一个地区发展潜力的主要指标。在对水资源承载能力进行综合动态平衡研究的基础上,建立了区域水资源承载力模型,并将该模型应用于山西生态小水电建设研究。结果表明,①以2015年为规划水平年,山西的水资源能支撑区域容纳0.356亿人按照241m3/人的人均水资源量进行生产生活;②2015年山西共需水85.17亿m3,其中16.84亿m3用于满足工业需水,38.31亿m3用于满足农业需水,24.78亿m3用于满足生活需水,2.39亿m3用于满足生态环境持续与修复的需水;③各产业需水结构上,生活需水增幅最大,达1.47倍,工业需水次之,增幅为60%,生态需水较现状年增加80%;④区域生态小水电建设应以长治市和晋城市为重点,重点做好沁河及浊漳河水资源承载力条件下的生态小水电建设及区域生态水电建设的优化。     

非对称突扩通道流动特性的数值模拟

针对非对称突扩通道的流动,建立了平面二维不可压稳态层流数学模型,采用守恒性能高的有限体积法对控制方程进行离散,并选用绝对稳定的混合格式,利用交错网格下的SIMPLE算法进行流场数值计算,得到了回流区形态的变化规律.研究表明,非对称突扩通道流动受雷诺数和几何形状的影响.     

洪涝灾害三参数损失函数的构建Ⅰ——基本原理

为把握快速城镇化、社会经济增长、防洪工程标准提高背景下暴雨洪涝灾害风险的演变趋势,基于洪水风险理论及城市洪涝灾害的连锁性与损失突变性特征,探讨了洪涝灾害风险演变驱动机制,构建了具有物理意义的三参数洪涝灾害损失-重现期(D-R)风险函数,明确了曲线形态中临界洪灾损失值Dc、临界重现期Rc、区域脆弱性综合指数k等控制参数的物理意义。该函数可作为洪涝灾害风险评估与预测的一种便捷手段,找到洪涝灾害风险演化的转折点,可为防灾减灾决策提供依据,同时也可应用于对防洪工程体系减灾效益的评估。     

狭窄河谷高面板堆石坝变形控制与结构安全

以我国拟建的狭窄河谷区230m级面板堆石坝为例,系统介绍了狭窄河谷区面板堆石坝变形控制理念和相应的工程措施,通过全面的坝料瞬变、流变和界面特性试验,确定了筑坝料的力学特性参数,对大坝施工填筑、蓄水、运行等状态进行数值模拟,重点评价了长期运行过程中混凝土面板、周边缝等关键部位的应力变形。结果表明,采用设置高趾墩、岸坡增模区、面板分缝优化、合理的预沉降期等措施后,保障了该坝的结构安全。     

Chemical looping combustion of lignite with the CaSO4–CoO mixed oxygen carrier

Chemical looping combustion (CLC) has well developed as a novel combustion technology for simultaneous completion of the coal combustion and CO₂ capture with a low energy penalty. Among all the oxygen carriers available, CaSO₄ has gained great attention as a promising oxygen carrier (OC) in CLC due to its high oxygen capacity and low price. But further application of CaSO₄ OC also suffers the problems of low reactivity and even deactivation due to the sulfur loss via the side reactions of CaSO₄, which should be well addressed. In this research, the CaSO₄–CoO mixed OC was prepared firstly, and experiments based on thermogravimetric analyzer coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR) were conducted to evaluate the reaction characteristics and evolution of the gaseous products during the reaction of the prepared CaSO₄–CoO mixed OC with lignite (abbreviated as YN). Both the higher reaction rate of the prepared mixed OC with YN coal and the elevated CO₂ concentration fully reflected the enhanced reactivity of the prepared mixed OC for YN coal conversion. Furthermore, the micromorphology of the solid reaction products was analyzed by the field emission scanning electron microscopy spectrometry (FESEM). Good sintering resistance of the prepared CaSO₄–CoO mixed OC during its reaction with YN was verified, which was ascribed to the temporary inert support role played by the CaSO₄ substrate. In order to further study the desulfurization ability of CoO in the mixed OC, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and thermodynamic simulation were used for in-depth analysis. The gaseous sulfur species released by the CaSO₄ side reactions were mainly fixed as solid CoS, Co₉S₈ and CaS, with the total content higher than 99.8%. And the sulfided OC could be completely regenerated to its original state at the oxidation stage according to the X-ray diffraction (XRD) result. Overall, the prepared CaSO₄–CoO mixed OC not only has the enhanced reactivity and good sintering resistance, but also owns the potential to control sulfur released from the CaSO₄ side reactions, which has broad application prospect to simultaneously achieve decarbonization and desulfurization in the CLC process.     

竹塑渠道变形及防冻胀试验研究

为改善灌区末级渠道输水条件,延长衬砌工程使用寿命,实现灌区水资源的高效利用,通过4条农渠的渠槽变形和防冻胀等试验,并结合经济效益评价,研究了竹塑渠道替代传统混凝土材料进行末级渠道防渗衬砌的可行性和可靠性。结果表明:竹塑渠槽壁厚达到6 mm时,具有准弹性体的性质,刚度良好,且具有较强的抗变形能力。整个冻融期试验的竹塑渠道中最大水平位移为8.8 mm,最大垂直位移为13.3 mm。在20 a计算周期里,竹塑渠道综合投资比混凝土渠道投资多8.53%。竹塑渠道变形小、抗冻胀能力强,能提高输水效率,在宁夏灌区具有较好的应用前景。     

宁夏平罗县井渠结合灌区地下水盐运移规律研究

以综合治理井渠结合灌区土壤盐碱化为目标,针对宁夏平罗县井渠结合灌区下游灌水难、排水难和盐碱化严重等问题,采用渠灌井排、井沟联合使用等措施,对作物进行适量和适时灌溉,充分利用地下水资源,并监测井渠结合灌溉条件下田间土壤含盐量、地下水矿化度和水位埋深的变化情况,分析地下水埋深和矿化度对土壤含盐量的影响。结果表明:井渠结合灌溉对降低地下水位效果显著。以黄河水为主要灌溉水源的宁夏银北自流灌区,地下水矿化度变化幅度较小;灌溉后的土壤表层含盐量骤降,0~40 cm土层的盐分变化较大;土壤盐分与地下水矿化度具有较强的线性正相关性,与地下水埋深呈负相关。研究成果对干旱半干旱区灌区水资源优化配置、盐碱地改良具有参考价值。