A new PID load frequency controller design method in frequency domain through direct synthesis approach

In this paper a new PID controller design method based on the direct synthesis (DS) approach of controller design in frequency domain is presented. The parameters of the PID controller are obtained through frequency response matching with the DS controller. The method yields linear algebraic equations, solution of which gives the controller parameters. The design method has been developed for single-area as well as multi-area power systems. Non-linearity like the generation rate constraint (GRC) has been considered. Several examples are taken from the literature to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in comparison with some prevalent design methods.     

Robust H-infinity load frequency control in hybrid distributed generation system

This paper presents a study on isolated hybrid distributed generation (DG) system for improving the frequency deviation profile. The hybrid DG system consists of wind turbine generator (WTG), diesel engine generator (DEG), aqua-electrolyzer (AE), fuel cell (FC) along with energy storage units. The frequency control problem is addressed for DG system connected with superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) or ultra-capacitor (UC). The particle swarm optimization (PSO) based loop shaping of H-infinity controller is used and compared with those obtained by genetic algorithm (GA) to minimize the frequency deviation. The frequency stabilizing performance is analyzed under different disturbances. Also, the controller robustness in terms of system parameter uncertainties is tested for changes in parameter up to ±30% from its nominal value. The results demonstrate minimum frequency deviation as achieved by proposed controller with use of UC in hybrid DG system.     

SIMAD: Secure Intelligent Method for IoT-Fog Environments Attacks Detection

The Internet of Thing IoT paradigm has emerged in numerous domains and it has achieved an exponential progress. Nevertheless, alongside this advancement, IoT networks are facing an ever-increasing rate of security risks because of the continuous and rapid changes in network environments. In order to overcome these security challenges, the fog system has delivered a powerful environment that provides additional resources for a more improved data security. However, because of the emerging of various breaches, several attacks are ceaselessly emerging in IoT and Fog environment. Consequently, the new emerging applications in IoT-Fog environment still require novel, distributed, and intelligent security models, controls, and decisions. In addition, the ever-evolving hacking techniques and methods and the expanded risks surfaces have demonstrated the importance of attacks detection systems. This proves that even advanced solutions face difficulties in discovering and recognizing these small variations of attacks. In fact, to address the above problems, Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods could be applied on the millions of terabytes of collected information to enhance and optimize the processes of IoT and fog systems. In this respect, this research is designed to adopt a new security scheme supported by an advanced machine learning algorithm to ensure an intelligent distributed attacks detection and a monitoring process that detects malicious attacks and updates threats signature databases in IoT-Fog environments. We evaluated the performance of our distributed approach with the application of certain machine learning mechanisms. The experiments show that the proposed scheme, applied with the Random Forest (RF) is more efficient and provides better accuracy (99.50%), better scalability, and lower false alert rates. In this regard, the distribution character of our method brings about faster detection and better learning.     

Ion slip effect on the flow due to a rotating disk with heat transfer

The steady hydromagnetic flow due to a rotating disk is studied with heat transfer considering the ion slip. The governing equations are solved numerically using finite differences. The results show that the inclusion of the ion slip has important effects on the velocity distribution as well as the heat transfer. On leave from: Department of Engineering Math. and physics, Fac. of Engineering, El-Fayoum University, El-Fayoum, Egypt.     

A matrix formulation for the dynamic analysis of spatial mechanisms using point coordinates and velocity transformation

Summary. This paper presents a matrix formulation for the dynamic analysis of spatial mechanisms with common types of kinematic joints. The formulation is derived in two steps. Initially an equivalent constrained system of particles that replaces the rigid bodies is constructed and used to define the configuration of the mechanical system. This results in a simple and straightforward procedure for generating the equations of motion in terms of the rectangular Cartesian coordinates of the particles without introducing any rotational coordinates. The equations of motion are then derived in terms of relative joint coordinates through the use of a velocity transformation matrix. The velocity transformation matrix relates the relative joint velocities to the Cartesian velocities. For the open loop case, this process automatically eliminates all of the non-working constraint forces and leads to an efficient integration of the equations of motion. For the closed loop case, suitable joints should be cut and few cut-joints constraint equations should be included for each closed loop. An example is used to demonstrate the generality and efficiency of the proposed method.     

Dynamic modelling of planar mechanisms using point coordinates

In the present study, the dynamic modelling of planar mechanisms that consist of a system of rigid bodies is carried out using point coordiantes. The system of rigid bodies is replaced by a dynamically equivalent constrained system of particles. Then for the resulting equivalent system of particles, the concepts of linear and angular momentums are used to generate the equations of motion without either introducing any rotational coordinates or distributing the external forces and force couples over the particles. For the open loop case, the equations of motion are generated recursively along the open chains. For the closed loop case, the system is transformed to open loops by cutting suitable kinematic joints with the addition of cut-joints kinematic constraints. An example of a multi-branch closed-loop system is chosen to demonstrate the generality and simplicity of the proposed method.     

Curing characteristics and internal stresses in epoxy coatings: Effect of crosslinking agent

The development of internal stresses in a series of epoxy coatings prepared using five different crosslinking agents have been studied. The crosslinking agents were: H1, 4,4 methylenedianiline (DDM); H2, diethylentriamine (DETA); H3, cycloaliphatic polyamine; H4, polyaminoimidazoline; and H5, polyamidoamine adduct. Four different post-cure treatments were applied and the dependence of internal stress on crosslinking agent and post-cure treatment was determined. Curing was followed by monitoring the FTIR epoxy band at 916 cm^{– 1} and the glass transition temperature was determined using DSC to assist interpretation of the measured values of internal stress. The internal stress was tensile in all of the materials at the end of each post-cure treatment. The stress magnitudes increased monotonically with post-cure temperature. The largest stresses were recorded with H1, H2 and H3 whereas the lowest stresses were recorded with H4 and H5, which both included a flexible aliphatic chain. The effects of ageing for extended periods in dry air and in humid air (52%RH and 97%RH) were also examined. Exposure to humid air almost always caused a reduction in the tensile stress and often produced compressive stresses, attributed to swelling due to water absorption. A comparison was made of the stresses formed in coatings applied to a thin substrate that was (i) free to bend during curing, post-curing and ageing, and (ii) prevented from bending (restrained substrate). The general trends in behaviour were in agreement but no simple relationship could be found between the stress magnitudes obtained by the two different test configurations.     

A computer method for the dynamic analysis of a system of rigid bodies in plane motion

This paper presents a computer method for the dynamic analysis of a system of rigid bodies in plane motion. The formulation rests upon the idea of replacing a rigid body by a dynamically equivalent constrained system of particles. Newton’s second law is applied to study the motion of the resulting system of particles without introducing any rotational coordinates. A velocity transformation is used to transform the equations of motion to a reduced set. For an open-chain, this process automatically eliminates all of the non-working constraint forces and leads to an efficient integration of the equations of motion. For a closed-chain, suitable joints should be cut and few cut-joints constraint equations should be included. An example of a closed-chain is used to demonstrate the generality and efficiency of the proposed method.     

Computer prediction of misaligned welded joints

Experimental tests have shown that misalignment can reduce the fatigue strength of welded joints significantly. Further theoretical investigations are also required to understand the behavior of these joints. In the present study, boundary element technique together with the hypersingular boundary integral equation are employed to estimate the notch stress concentration factors at the surface. These are then used to predict the fatigue life. The addressed variable is the root crack length, or partial penetration depth, which can be accurately modeled by boundary element method. It is shown that there is a good correlation between the previous experimental results and the present theoretical results.