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1.
This work is aimed at developing a predictive capability for the quantitative assessment of crack growth under fatigue loadings. The crack growth rate relation, , may involve all three stress intensity factors k1-k3 such that the direction of crack growth may not be known in advance and must be predicted from a preassumed criterion. In principle, both the stress amplitude and the mean stress level should be included in the original expression for .The strain energy density factor range, ΔS, is found to be a convenient parameter for predicting fatigue crack growth and can be applied expediently to examine the combined influence of crack geometry, complex loadings and material properties. Assumed is the accumulation of energy, , stored in an element ahead of the crack which triggers subcritical crack growth upon reaching a number of loading cycle, say ΔN. The proposed relationship includes both the stress amplitude and mean stress effects. 相似文献
2.
Determination of the relative amounts of free and complexed manganese ions in aqueous solution by nuclear magnetic resonance. 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The ratio of the transverse relaxation rate to the longitudinal relaxation rate of water protons (T1/T2) at 90 MHz can be used to determine the relative amounts of free Mn2+ ions (the hexaquo ion) and chelated manganese ions when both species are present in the same aqueous solution. This technique is demonstrated for simple aqueous solutions containing known concentrations of both the free Mn2+ ion and a manganese(III) porphyrin. The accuracy of the method is found to be +/- 7.3% for the solutions considered in this report. The determinations of the relative amounts of the free Mn2+ ion and the manganese(III) porphyrin by this T1/T2 method are shown to agree well with those determined by nuclear magnetic resonance dispersion profiles. The theoretical basis of this ratio method as well as the scope and limitations in its application to aqueous solutions containing both free Mn2+ ions and chelated manganese species other than manganese(III) porphyrins are also discussed. This work demonstrates a unique use of NMR as a means for the quantitative analysis of manganese in which the effects of the metal ion on the solvent, and not the metal itself, are observed. 相似文献
3.
A set of six coals ranging in rank from lignite to hvA bituminous was swollen with a series of alkyl-substituted pyridines and a smaller set of 4-alkylanilines. The size and branching of the alkyl groups was varied and the effect of this variation on the dissolution of the amines in the coal and the resulting coal swelling was measured volumetrically. In a few cases, substituents which hindered the amine nitrogen were studied. The lignite and subbituminous coal have a much higher tolerance to branched, bulky groups than do the bituminous coals. The presence of tertiary groups in a solute strongly inhibits their dissolution in bituminous coals. Bituminous coals behave as if extensive parallel packing of structures occurs. Often, they can accept very large planar groups but have a low capacity for branched groups. 相似文献
4.
Garth Isaak 《Information Processing Letters》2004,92(3):107-111
Given a tournament with an acyclic tournament as a feedback arc set we give necessary and sufficient conditions for this feedback arc set to have minimum size. 相似文献
5.
Fully dense aluminas, prepared by hot-pressing, were found to swell during annealing at 1600°C in air, but not during annealing in a reducing atmosphere (po2 = 10-7 Pa). The reaction followed the relation p - po = -K log t, where po and p are the initial and final densities, respectively, t is the time, and AT is a constant. The rate of swelling was enhanced by MgO solute. The reduction in density resulted from the nucleation and growth of grain-boundary pores. Pore formation was attributed to the reaction of carbon and sulfur impurities at the boundaries with oxygen, which had diffused down the grain boundaries from the ambient, to form CO/CO2 and SO2 gas at high pressures. Preliminary results indicate that this reaction can be avoided by preannealing powders in flowing oxygen prior to hot-pressing. The consequences of internal gas-forming reactions to other processes such as high-temperature creep and sintering are also discussed. 相似文献
6.
In this paper, we examine, both experimentally and theoretically, the kinetics of formation and microstructure of product
phases in thin film reactions, using the Nb/Al and Ti/Al systems as our prototypes. The results of calorimetry and microscopy
studies are interpreted using simple kinetic and morphology models. In particular, the kinetic models employed here focus
on the nucleation and growth components of the phase formation process and the morphology models provide a starting point
for the classification of product grain structures.
An erratum to this article is available at . 相似文献
7.
Control of calcium hexaluminate grain morphology in in-situ toughened ceramic composites 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The influence of processing conditions on the morphology of calcium hexaluminate (CA6) grains in Al2O3: 30 vol% CaO·6Al2O3 (CA6) ceramic composites was investigated. Specimens were prepared by in-situ reaction sintering using precursor powders of alumina, and either calcium carbonate or calcium oxide. In some samples, 1 vol% anorthite glass was added as a sintering aid. X-ray diffraction was used to study the phase development in the as-calcined and sintered states. The resultant microstructures were characterized using both scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and imaging secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). It was found that the CA6 grains developed a platelike morphology when CaCO3 was used as the starting calcium-rich powder. In contrast, samples prepared using CaO resulted in equiaxed CA6 grains. This result was observed to be independent of the anorthite glass addition. The findings are rationalized in terms of distinct CA6 reaction mechanisms, resulting from differences in the reactivity of the powders during the early stages of calcining.Cement Nomenclature C
CaO
- A
Al2O3 相似文献
8.
Vinayak P. Dravid V. Ravikumar Michael R. Notis Charles E. Lyman Guy Dhalenne Alexandre Revcolevschi 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》1994,77(10):2758-2762
A directionally solidified eutectic (DSE) of MnO-ZrO2 has been investigated using a variety of electron optical techniques. It is found that considerable MnO goes into ZrO2 to form a substitutional solid solution. About 14 wt% of MnO is soluble in ZrO2 close to the eutectic temperature. The solubility of ZrO2 in MnO, however, is quite low, less than 0.50 wt%. Electron diffraction experiments indicate that ZrO2 (MnO) has the cubic fluorite structure. Diffuse scattering, similar to other cubic zirconias (e.g., CaO, MgO stabilized zirconia), is also observed in manganese-stabilized zirconia. Diffuse scattering indicates the presence of oxygen vacancies and thus confirms the defect nature of the fluorite structure. Electron energy loss spectrometry (EELS) fine structure analysis of the Mn L23 edge provided clear evidence that Mn is present as Mn2+ in Mn-stabilized cubic ZrO2 . 相似文献
9.
Charles A. Bateman Lijie Zhang Helen M. Chan Martin P. Harmer 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》1992,75(5):1281-1283
It is experimentally observed that the peritectic reaction, 211 + liquid → 123, can be driven essentially to completion in 1 h at an undercooling of only ∽30°C. The kinetic data, together with the observed microstructures, are inconsistent with the normal mechanism of the peritectic reaction. It is proposed that the mechanism of the reaction involves dissolution of 211 particles into the liquid and precipitation of solid 123. The aligned grain structure is explained through sympathetic nucleation of new 123 grains on existing grains. 相似文献
10.
Y. W. Kim 《International Journal of Thermophysics》2007,28(2):732-741
Thermophysical properties are collective measures of a material to transport dynamical quantities of physical nature on its
surface or through the bulk. As such, the exact nature of couplings between particles in a many-body assembly of building
block atoms or molecules sensitively determines their values. The couplings between nearest neighbors are the product of the
local elemental composition and the material phase. In this study, thermal cycling of a four-element Wood’s alloy specimen
brings out cadmium-rich patches to the top surface of the specimen. An assembly of such patches leads to depth-dependent deviations
of elemental composition from that of the bulk. Surface-layer atoms are driven to form a high temperature laser-produced plasma
(LPP), and time-resolved spectroscopy of their emissions show the variability of elemental composition over surface positions
as well as over depth from the surface. These thermal history-driven composition anomalies contribute to significant variability
in the measured values of spectral emissivity and thermal diffusivity. 相似文献