稀土元素铈对钢中非金属夹杂物改性和腐蚀影响的第一性原理研究

通过原位腐蚀观察和基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理计算方法,从微观角度研究了稀土元素铈（Ce）对J5不锈钢中夹杂物的改性和夹杂物诱导腐蚀的机理。采用扫描电子显微镜与能谱分析了稀土元素Ce改性夹杂物的过程中夹杂物成分和类型的变化,观察到的代表夹杂物为CeAlO₃?Ce₂O₂S、Ce₂O₃?Ce₂O₂S、MnS等。根据形成能计算,经稀土元素Ce处理后,生成了稳定的Ce₂O₃、Ce₂O₂S、CeAlO₃夹杂物。通过表面能判断了晶面的稳定性,Fe(100)-2面的表面能经收敛测得为2.4374 J·m?2,该晶面的功函数为4.7352 eV。通过对比夹杂物与钢基体的功函数与计算电势差,分析了不同含Ce夹杂物诱导点蚀的趋势,探讨了不同原子位置、原子数量和不同slab模型对功函数的影响。研究表明,与Fe (100)-2面的电子功函数相比,MnS以及改性后3种夹杂物CeS、Ce₂O₃和Ce₂O₂S电势差大多小于0,CeAlO₃的电势差在0 eV左右。夹杂物不同晶面对功函数影响很大,O、S等非金属原子数量多的晶面功函数平均值较高,添加稀土元素Ce可以有效降低晶面功函数。5种夹杂物和钢基体的平均功函数大小顺序为CeAlO₃>Fe>MnS>CeS>Ce₂O₂S>Ce₂O₃。结合不锈钢中复合夹杂物的实验结果可知,Ce₂O₃诱导点蚀发生的概率最高,CeAlO₃可以有效提高钢的耐腐蚀能。      

Autonomous tactile perception: A combined improved sensing and Bayesian nonparametric approach

In recent years, autonomous robots have increasingly been deployed in unknown environments and required to manipulate or categorize unknown objects. In order to cope with these unfamiliar situations, improvements must be made both in sensing technologies and in the capability to autonomously train perception models. In this paper, we explore this problem in the context of tactile surface identification and categorization. Using a highly-discriminant tactile probe based upon large bandwidth, triple axis accelerometer that is sensitive to surface texture and material properties, we demonstrate that unsupervised learning for surface identification with this tactile probe is feasible. To this end, we derived a Bayesian nonparametric approach based on Pitman–Yor processes to model power-law distributions, an extension of our previous work using Dirichlet processes Dallaire et al. (2011). When tested against a large collection of surfaces and without providing the actual number of surfaces, the tactile probe combined with our proposed approach demonstrated near-perfect recognition in many cases and achieved perfect recognition given the right conditions. We consider that our combined improvements demonstrate the feasibility of effective autonomous tactile perception systems.     

A型地铁空调系统及客室内流场数值分析

为给目前国内A型地铁车辆的舒适度设计提供理论参考,针对地铁车辆静压风道结构特点,基于k-ε两方程湍流模型和SIMPLE算法,建立包含空调送风风道和客室的三维计算模型.对计算模型的空气流动和传热状况进行CFD数值计算.计算过程综合考虑车体壁面传热和人体散热等多种传热.分析计算结果得到客室内温度场和速度场的分布规律,并对空调通风设计方案进行量化评估.计算结果表明:客室内人体头部区域温度场分布均匀,平均温度为26.6℃,最大温差为6℃;车厢内有较理想的气流组织形式,速度分布范围为0.50~0.79 m/s,而且客室端部和中部区域人体头部周围速度较大.将计算结果与欧洲EN 14750-1标准进行对比分析,认为乘客的舒适性较好.     

Catalytic behavior of potassium containing compounds for diesel soot combustion

Alkali doped oxides were synthesized and tested as catalysts for diesel soot combustion using a combinatorial method. It has been found that potassium shows better promotion of the catalytic activity than other alkali elements, and most of the potassium-rich oxides showed similar catalytic behaviors when catalysts and soot were mixed in a slurry. The influence of different mixing methods, including loose contact, tight contact and slurry (wet) mixing with different soot suspensions, on the catalytic behavior of some transition metal oxides, alkali metal carbonates and potassium-containing oxides were studied through thermogravimetry and XRD. The high activity of potassium-containing catalysts is found to be due to the intimate contact between soot and potassium cations caused by polar solvents. Potassium containing catalysts degraded after repeated thermal cycles due to the loss of potassium. It was also found that the addition of transition elements can inhibit the loss of potassium.     

Robust optimization of foam-filled thin-walled structure based on sequential Kriging metamodel

Deterministic optimization has been successfully applied to a range of design problems involving foam-filled thin-walled structures, and to some extent gained significant confidence for the applications of such structures in automotive, aerospace, transportation and defense industries. However, the conventional deterministic design could become less meaningful or even unacceptable when considering the perturbations of design variables and noises of system parameters. To overcome this drawback, a robust design methodology is presented in this paper to address the effects of parametric uncertainties of foam-filled thin-walled structure on design optimization, in which different sigma criteria are adopted to measure the variations. The Kriging modeling technique is used to construct the corresponding surrogate models of mean and standard deviation for different crashworthiness criteria. A sequential sampling approach is introduced to improve the fitness accuracy of these surrogate models. Finally, a gradient-based sequential quadratic program (SQP) method is employed from 20 different initial points to obtain a quasi-global robust optimum solution. The optimal solutions were verified by using the Monte Carlo simulation. The results show that the presented robust optimization method is fairly effective and efficient, the crashworthiness and robustness of the foam-filled thin-walled structure can be improved significantly.     

Online stiffness estimation for robotic tasks with force observers

In this paper we propose an online stiffness estimation technique for robotic tasks based only on force data, therefore, not requiring contact position information. This allows estimations to be obtained in robotic tasks involving interactions with unstructured and unknown environments where geometrical data is unavailable or unreliable. Our technique – the Candidate Observer Based Algorithm (COBA) – uses two force observers, configured with different candidate stiffnesses, to estimate online the actual target object stiffness. COBA is embedded in a force control architecture with computed torque in the task space. The theoretical presentation of the algorithm, as well as simulation tests and experimental results with a lightweight robot arm are also presented.     

A novel trajectory planning strategy for aircraft emergency landing using Gauss pseudospectral method

To improve the survivability during an emergency situation, an algorithm for aircraft forced landing trajectory planning is proposed. The method integrates damaged aircraft modelling and trajectory planning into an optimal control framework, in order to deal with the complex aircraft flight dynamics, a solving strategy based on Gauss pseudospetral method （GPM） is presented. A 3-DOF nonlinear mass-point model taking into account the wind is developed to approximate the aircraft flight dynamics after loss of thrust. The solution minimizes the forced landing duration, with respect to the constraints that translate the changed dynamics, flight envelope limitation and operational safety requirements. The GPM is used to convert the trajectory planning problem to a nonlinear programming problem （NLP）, which is solved by sequential quadratic programming algorithm. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can generate the minimum-time forced landing trajectory in event of engine-out with high efficiency and precision.     

Volatilisation and catalytic effects of alkali and alkaline earth metallic species during the pyrolysis and gasification of Victorian brown coal. Part VII. Raman spectroscopic study on the changes in char structure during the catalytic gasification in air

FT-IR/Raman spectroscopies have been used to identify the structural features of Victorian brown coal chars during the gasification in air at 400 °C. The deconvolution of the Raman spectra has allowed us to identify the main structural sites in char where preferential reaction with O₂ takes place. The presence of Na and Ca catalysts is shown to alter the reaction pathways between char and O₂. In the absence of a catalyst, the O-containing functional groups formed in char during gasification were closely associated with the aromatic structure and thus tended to loosen the aromatic structure. The non-catalysed gasification was slow and took place on some specific (especially sp³-rich or sp²–sp³ mixture) sites distributed throughout the char. In the presence of a catalyst (Na or Ca), the O-containing functional groups were not closely associated with the main aromatic structure throughout the char. The catalytic gasification reactions were localised on the sites associated with the catalysts. The preferential removal of smaller aromatic ring systems and the persistence of cross-linking structures in the presence of a catalyst mean that the large aromatic ring systems were increasingly concentrated with little flexibility, affecting the dispersion of catalyst.     

半挂牵引车车架的强度特性分析

根据某型半挂牵引车车架的结构特点和使用工况,详细讨论了半挂牵引车车架不同结构有限元组件的连接和边界条件的设定,建立了半挂牵引车车架系统的有限元模型,计算了四种载荷工况时的车架应力并进行了车架的固有模态特性分析。发现该车架具有较好的静态强度和动态特性：弯扭工况时车架纵梁后部出现最大应力,但也能满足强度要求;车架的固有频率避开了悬架振动频率和发动机激励频率;但前后钢板弹簧支架处于两种振型的拐点,会出现较大应力。     

侵入物高速撞击下铰链式动车组的安全性

为探究侵入物高速撞击下铰链式动车组的安全性,在实物三维扫描重构的基础上,构建一种新的活体三维有限元层叠模型,并在LS-DYNA中进行摆锤侧面碰撞分析验证;通过铰链式动车组与活体在110 km/h速度下的碰撞仿真计算,讨论动车组运行的安全性以及吸能装置的可靠性.结果 显示:活体的有限元层叠模型既能保证计算精度,又能提高计算效率;在110 km/h的碰撞速度下,车体加速度为0.117g,轮对抬升量为0.238 mm,车钩每5 m长度的压缩量最大约为1.89 mm.各项指标都低于EN 15227标准,动车组行车安全性没有受到影响,吸能装置也能可靠工作.