季节冻土区非饱和膨胀土水–热–变形耦合冻胀模型

中国季节冻土区发育大面积深厚残坡积膨胀土,其特有的“冻胀融沉”“膨胀收缩”特性诱发诸多工程病害问题。针对季节冻土区非饱和膨胀土的冻胀变形机制问题,以延吉膨胀土为研究对象,开展了膨胀土冻胀特性试验研究,证明了膨胀土吸水膨胀特性对其冻胀特性有显著影响,据此提出了考虑相变动力区的非饱和膨胀土冻结-胀缩牵连机制。基于冻土多场耦合分析方法、结晶动力学理论,建立了非饱和膨胀土水-热-变形耦合冻胀模型FH＿ex＿Model,并予以验证。该模型能够反演出非饱和膨胀土冻胀过程中的冻胀变形分量和膨胀变形分量。此外,根据上述研究,建议在膨胀土工程场地中应当重视初冻期冻结作用诱发的高膨胀变形,同时稳定冻深以下区域的场地变形不容忽视。     

筋箍碎石桩桩–土界面摩擦特性试验研究及离散元模拟

筋箍碎石桩复合地基桩–土界面摩擦特性对其荷载传递机理极为重要。首先通过室内大型直剪试验,研究了法向应力、软土含水率、碎石料相对密实度、筋材设置等因素对筋箍碎石桩桩–土界面摩擦特性的影响。在此基础上,采用离散元方法分析了筋材设置、筋材开孔率、筋材抗拉刚度等因素对界面摩擦特性的影响。室内试验及数值分析结果表明:桩土界面抗剪强度随法向应力、碎石料相对密实度、筋材开孔率、筋材抗拉刚度的增大而增大,随软土含水率的增加而降低;界面摩擦系数则随法向应力、软土含水率的增大而减小,随碎石料相对密实度、筋材开孔率的增大而提高,筋材抗拉刚度对其影响较小。     

GFRP抗浮锚杆界面黏结性能现场试验

基于光纤光栅传感测试技术,通过对GFRP筋和钢筋抗浮锚杆现场拉拔破坏性试验,分析GFRP抗浮锚杆锚筋–灌浆体界面、浆–岩界面黏结特性,揭示锚固长度、锚筋材质、锚筋直径等因素对2种材质抗浮锚杆锚筋–灌浆体界面、浆–岩界面黏结强度的影响规律。结果表明：(1) GFRP筋和钢筋抗浮锚杆的破坏形式主要为拔断破坏和剪切滑移破坏;锚固长度为4.5,6.5 m的GFRP抗浮锚杆破坏荷载分别是同规格钢筋抗浮锚杆的1.21和1.13倍;GFRP抗浮锚杆锚筋–灌浆体界面的平均黏结强度高于钢筋锚杆,在0.99～1.03MPa范围;锚固长度是影响抗浮锚杆锚筋–灌浆体界面黏结强度的最重要因素。(2) GFRP抗浮锚杆浆–岩界面轴向应力在孔口处最大,随深度增加而降低;浆–岩界面剪应力呈先增大后减小趋势,在锚固深度约0.5m处剪应力达到峰值;通过对比不同材质、不同型号的抗浮锚杆发现,钢筋抗浮锚杆浆–岩界面黏结性能略高于GFRP抗浮锚杆,且随锚筋直径增大而提高。(3) GFRP抗浮锚杆锚筋、灌浆体与岩土体三者之间协同作用效果高于钢筋抗浮锚杆。     

煤层气运移过程中损伤效应对煤强度的弱化影响

煤层气开采时,基质–裂隙内气体压力相互作用引起煤体出现损伤效应,致使煤的强度降低。为得到损伤效应对煤强度的影响规律,通过提出基质与裂隙几何变形的概念模型进而推导出耦合损伤本构参数的渗透率模型,并通过COMSOL live link with MATLAB程序对考虑气体作用的渗透率模型进行强度后处理计算。结果表明：通过孔隙基本原理得到的渗透率模型适用于不同边界条件,在单轴应变和常应力条件下新模型与试验数据匹配良好,而Palmer-Mansoori(P-M)模型只适用于单轴应变边界条件;与对照煤样相比,在气体作用后杨氏模量比为1/3,1/5,1/7和1/10的煤样强度分别降低了46.6%,32.0%,27.9%和26.4%;气体运移降低煤样强度的机制为损伤效应以损伤–诱导应变贡献于煤的孔隙度,孔隙发育程度改变了单轴加载后主裂隙的扩展轨迹。该研究通过编程对渗透率模型进行后处理计算,实现了煤层气运移出现的损伤效应对煤强度影响的耦合计算。     

多维地震下考虑地表建筑的土和隧道的振动台试验研究

目前关于地下结构–土体系的地震响应研究多为未考虑竖向地震作用和周围建筑的影响。以隧道–土体系为研究对象,考虑10层地表建筑的影响,进行多维地震波作用下的振动台试验,研究隧道和周围土体的动力响应规律。试验结果表明：隧道和土体在双向地震动输入下的地震响应均大于单向地震动输入的响应。随着地震波输入维数的增加,土体的频谱没有改变。土体和隧道在远场地震波作用下的反应较为强烈,但由于近场地震波具有高能量的速度脉冲,随着输入地震动强度的增大,土体和隧道在两种地震波作用下加速度响应的差异逐渐减小。上部结构–桩基的存在导致隧道中间断面与端部截面处应变的不同,与隧道的端部截面相比,中间断面右侧的应变增大,左侧的应变减小。     

基于热–力–损伤本构参数的硬岩脆性评价方法

采用不同方法评价岩石脆性的研究较多,但从本构参数的角度构建脆性指数定量评价岩石脆性的研究鲜有报道。为此,通过理论研究、算例分析和对比验证,探讨利用损伤统计本构参数m和δ构建脆性指数B_m的可行性。结果显示：基于Weibull分布函数建立的岩石热–力–损伤本构模型能较好地表达脆性、塑性、应变软化等多种本构行为,为从本构角度评价岩石脆性奠定了理论基础。选取能有效反映岩石应力–应变曲线总体形状特征的参数m和反映峰后特征的参数δ,建立了脆性指数B_m (B_m=mδ)。不同围压、加载方式和岩性条件下,脆性指数B_m计算结果和试验结果规律一致,有效验证脆性指数B_m的合理性。通过与现有代表性脆性指数对比分析发现,脆性指数B_m能有效体现岩石脆性随围压增加而减小、卸荷应力路径下岩石脆性增强的特征,且对不同硬岩脆性评价均具有较好的适用性。提出的方法为从本构参数的角度评价岩石脆性提供新思路,对丰富岩石脆性分析与评价具有一定裨益。     

Carbon isotopic fractionation during vaporization of low molecular weight hydrocarbons(C_6–C_(12))

Three series of laboratory vaporization experiments were conducted to investigate the carbon isotope fractionation of low molecular weight hydrocarbons(LMWHs)during their progressive vaporization.In addition to the analysis of a synthetic oil mixture,individual compounds were also studied either as pure single phases or mixed with soil.This allowed influences of mixing effects and diffusion though soil on the fractionation to be elucidated.The LMWHs volatilized in two broad behavior patterns that depended on their molecular weight and boiling point.Vaporization significantly enriched the ~(13)C present in the remaining components of the C_6–C_9 fraction,indicating that the vaporization is mainly kinetically controlled;the observed variations could be described with a Rayleigh fractionation model.In contrast,the heavier compounds(n-C_(10)–n-C_(12))showed less mass loss and almost no significant isotopic fractionation during vaporization,indicating that the isotope characteristics remained sufficiently constant for these hydrocarbons to be used to identify the source of an oil sample,e.g.,the specific oil field or the origin of a spill.Furthermore,comparative studies suggested that matrix effects should be considered when the carbon isotope ratios of hydrocarbons are applied in the field.     

Towards the development of cavitation technology for upgrading bitumen: Viscosity change and chemical cavitation yield measurements

Among the different methods used for reducing viscosity of bitumen,acoustic cavitation during sonication is well recognised.Several chemical methods were used to detect the production of reactive species such as hydroxyl radicals and hydrogen peroxide during acoustic cavitation processes.However,quantification of cavitation yield in sonochemical systems is generally limited to low frequencies and has not been applied to bitumen processing.An empirical determination of the cavitation yield in midto high-frequency range(378,574,850,992,and1173 k Hz)was carried out by measuring the amount of iodine liberated from the oxidation of potassium iodide(KI).Further,cavitation yield and the effects of different sonic operating conditions such as power input(16.67%–83.33%)and solute concentration on cavitation yield were carried out in KI solution and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose–water mixture to obtain benchmark changes in rheology and chemistry using these two model fluids.The findings were then applied to bitumen upgrading through sonication.Through this study,it was found that the chemical cavitation yield peaked with a sonication frequency of 574 k Hz.It was also found that cavitation yield and viscosity change were correlated directly in bitumen and a 38%lower bitumen viscosity could be obtained by acoustic cavitation.     

基于牛顿—拉夫逊法的配电网电容电流测量新方法

提出了一种基于牛顿—拉夫逊法的配电网电容电流测量新方法。在消弧线圈并联阻尼电阻接地的系统中,采用有效且快速收敛的牛顿—拉夫逊法,寻找改变阻尼电阻之后保持中性点电压相位不变的消弧线圈电感量。在此基础上,确定系统失谐量与系统总电导相位夹角不变并构建相位关系图,实现系统对地电容和对地电导的精确测量,最终实现配电网电容电流测量。通过在Matlab中搭建仿真模型并进行仿真实验,验证了所提出的测量方法的正确性以及测量结果具有较高精度。     

一种非球面测量的新方法

提出一种基于光镊技术测量非球面面形的新方法.用光镊将直径为微米级的高分子小球移动到被测表面上,小球折射产生的球面波与平面波干涉,形成牛顿环.在相互垂直的二维标尺上分别测量两组牛顿环中心位置,得到小球的三维坐标.光镊对小球只产生亚皮牛量级的作用力,小球对被测表面的弹性变形可以忽略.通过测量若干小球坐标后,可拟合出三维曲面.