聚氨酯改性热塑性淀粉结构与性能的研究

利用环境友好的方法制备韧性且疏水性的改性淀粉材料是很重要的.在我们的工作中,用甲苯二异氰酸酯(TDI)和蓖麻油成功合成聚氨酯预聚体,然后在密炼机中用该预聚体改性热塑性淀粉TPS.热塑性改性淀粉材料成功制备并测试分析.结果表明比较纯淀粉,由于淀粉和弹性聚氨酯颗粒之间很强的相互作用,改性淀粉的疏水性和韧性方面得到很大提高.     

Nanosmearing due to process shear – Influence on powder and tablet properties

The objective of the study was to investigate the influence of process shear, blend composition and mixing order on thin film nanosmearing of lubricant and glidant on particle surfaces as a function of powder and tablet properties. Multiple pharmaceutical blends containing avicel 200 and micronized acetaminophen were prepared at three different mixing orders at a shear rate of 80 rpm and a shear strain of 640 rev. Chemical analysis such as inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICPMS), scanning electron microscopy with X-ray microanalysis/energy dispersive spectroscopy (FESEM/EDS) and focused ion beam (FIB) were done for sheared powder samples. Powder hydrophobicity and tablet dissolution were carried out to test for powder and finished product properties. Experimental techniques were developed to interpret the general aspects of % area nanosmearing distribution obtained from EDS mapping combined with cameo imaging. Their % area distributions on particle surfaces were quantified for the first time. Applied process shear on powder particles had a significant effect on powder and tablet properties. The nanoscale investigation measured in terms of extent of nanosmearing (% area), amount and thickness of nanosmearing clearly showed that nanosmeared structures influenced the powder hydrophobicity and drug release rate.     

石油沥青对乳化法煤沥青基炭微球的改性机理

通过在煤焦油沥青中添加石油沥青获得沥青甲苯胶体溶液,然后与聚乙烯醇(PVA)的甘油溶液乳化,制备了煤沥青基炭微球.为了阐明沥青在甲苯中的溶解性及其与PVA中憎水的亚甲基亲合力对于微球形成的影响,在煤沥青中添加了不同比例的与PVA中憎水的亚甲基更具亲合力的石油沥青,建立了一个微球成形机理的模型.研究发现,添加石油沥青可以促进乳化液中沥青分子与分散剂界面上表面活性剂分子的取向稳定性,从而明显改善沥青微球的球形度.石油沥青的添加降低了混合后沥青的软化点,为使沥青微球的软化点高于空气氧化始温,需要选择适当的添加比例.     

A Simplified Methodology to Measure the Characteristic Curvature (Cc) of Alkyl Ethoxylate Nonionic Surfactants

This work introduces a simplified methodology for measuring the characteristic curvature (Cc) of commercial alkyl ethoxylate nonionic surfactants using carefully selected reference surfactants and oils that produce rapid and well defined separations in salinity scans. The Cc of the commercial reference surfactants was calculated using optimal salinities (S*) obtained from solubilization parameter curves, from interfacial tensions (for a selected system), and from emulsion stability tests. The latter provided a fast detection of S*, in a matter of minutes. The calibrated Cc of the reference surfactants was subsequently used to measure the Cc of various commercial alkyl ethoxylate surfactants. The combination of mixtures of test and reference surfactants and emulsion stability tests produced reproducible Cc values that could be obtained with simple bottle tests and in a timely manner. The values obtained using this methodology were cross‐checked, and proved to be consistent, when using different combinations of reference surfactants and oils, and when conducted by different individuals. The standard deviation of Cc from these measurements was typically ±0.2 Cc units, but it could be as large as 25 % of the Cc value for highly hydrophilic surfactants. After comparing the values of Cc obtained experimentally with values calculated from nominal structures (via a group contribution model) it became clear that there are differences between these values, likely because of the polydispersity of alkyl ethoxylate surfactants.     

The physicochemical characteristics and hydrophobicity of high amylose starch–glycerol films in the presence of three natural waxes

The film forming behaviour and hydrophobicity of high amylose (HA) starch in the presence of three different natural waxes (beeswax, candelilla wax and carnauba wax) were studied in the presence and absence of Tween-80. The HA starch:glycerol (G) ratio was maintained at 80:20 (on dry solid basis) and the concentration of wax was varied from 5% and 10% (w/w). The melted wax samples were homogenized with HAG dispersion with or without Tween-80 and the films were prepared by solution casting. The hydrophobicity and water-barrier properties in these films were determined by using contact angle (CA), water vapour permeability (K_w) tests, and water sorption isotherm at 0.529 RH and 20 °C. The K_w values of the HAG films decreased significantly (p < 0.05) with the addition of 5% concentration of these waxes. Then the addition of Tween-80 to the HAG + wax films increased the K_w values significantly (p < 0.05). The presence of these waxes in the presence and absence of Tween-80 resulted into different sorption isotherms and the water adsorptivity and moisture diffusion coefficient values were also affected. The presence of Tween-80 increased the CA in HAG + carnauba wax films while the CA was found to decrease in the case of other two waxes. The highest hydrophobicity was observed in HAG + carnauba wax + Tween-80 films in which the CA was >80.0° both at 5% and 10% (w/w) wax concentration. These higher CA values in HAG + carnauba wax + Tween-80 films were found to be related to the higher surface roughness in these films.     

Reducing,Radical Scavenging,and Chelation Properties of Fermented Soy Protein Meal Hydrolysate by Lactobacillus plantarum LP6

Fermented soybean protein meal hydrolysate (FSPMH) was fractionated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-15. The fractions obtained were subjected to various antioxidant assays, amino acid and molecular weight determinations. Among the seven fractions, the highest antioxidant activity was found in fraction F2, with significant differences (P < 0.01) 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, hydroxyl radicals (^.OH) scavenging and Cu²⁺ chelating activity. Fraction F2 exhibited scavenging of DPPH (59.43%), ^.OH (72.80%) and 44.47% Cu²⁺ chelating activity. All other fractions showed variable activities in different assays. Amino acid analyses of F2 fraction with the strongest antioxidant activity also had the highest percentage of related antioxidative amino acids content (Histidine 3.46, Serine 5.78, Valine 4.08 and Lysine 11.49 g/100 g protein) compared with other six fractions. The molecular weight distribution of F2 was found to vary from 170 to 1500 Da.     

Influence of functional silanes on hydrophobicity of MCM-41 synthesized from rice husk

Mesoporous molecular sieve MCM-41 was synthesized from rice husk and rice husk ash, called RH-MCM-41 and RHA-MCM-41. The sol–gel mixtures were prepared with molar composition of 1.0 SiO₂: 1.1 NaOH: 0.13 CTAB: 0.12 H₂O. After calcination, the polarity of MCM-41 still remained on its surface due to the existence of some silanol groups. In this study, both RH-MCM-41 and RHA-MCM-41 were silylated with two different functional silanes trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS) and phenyldimethylchlorosilane (PDMS) in order to reduce the surface polarity. The efficiency of silylation was determined based on the amount of moisture adsorbed using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The structure of silylating agents and silica templates were found to be important parameters affecting the hydrophobic property of the MCM-41 surface. The post-grafting silylation with aliphatic silane can decrease the surface polarity better than that with aromatic silane, probably due to less sterric hindrance effect. Thus, the surface hydrophobicity of MCM-41 can be improved by the silylation of small molecular silane on RH-MCM-41.     

PREPARATION OF ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLE VIA UNIFORM PRECIPITATION METHOD AND ITS SURFACE MODIFICATION BY METHACRYLOXYPROPYLTRIMETHOXYSILANE

Zinc oxide nanoparticles were prepared by uniform precipitation using urea hydrolysis. The ZnO precursor was slowly deposited from aqueous solution. Anionic surfactant was added into solution to block ZnO crystal growth and its agglomeration. Then ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized by the calcination of the precursor at high temperature. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) observation and particle size analyzer demonstrated that the ZnO nanoparticle exhibited nearly spheric shape with 10–40 nm particle size. The surface of the ZnO nanoparticle was modified by methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPS). FT-IR (Fourier transform-infrared spectrophotometry) and XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectrophotometry) revealed that MPS was grafted onto the zinc oxide nanoparticle. XRD (X-ray diffraction) showed that the ZnO nanoparticle was a hexagonal crystal with a perfect crystalline structure, and its crystalline morphology was not altered through surface modification. The activation index (AI) of the modified ZnO nanoparticle was measured. It was found that the surface of the ZnO nanoparticle was changed from hydrophilicity into hydrophobicity via surface modification, implying the enhancement of its compatibility with organic polymers. FE-SEM (field scanning electron microscopy) showed that the modified ZnO nanoparticles were homogeneously dispersed in PVC matrices. Consequently, ZnO nanoparticles were integrated with PVC matrices by the grafting organic molecule.     

Physicochemical changes of myofibrillar proteins during processing of Cantonese sausage in relation to their aggregation behaviour and in vitro digestibility

The physicochemical changes of myofibrillar proteins, especially oxidation behaviour, were measured to determine their mechanism of action on in vitro protein digestibility during Cantonese sausage processing. The results indicated that the carbonyl level significantly increased (p < 0.05) during the process. The SH group level decreased, while S–S group level increased gradually. Protein aggregation was induced by oxidation and heat treatment. Result from Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed protein aggregation occurred. The analysis of in vitro digestibility showed a highly significant (p < 0.05) correlation between pepsin activity and carbonyl group formation, S–S group level, protein surface hydrophobicity, D_4,3. A negative and highly significant correlation between trypsin, α-chymotrypsin activity and carbonyl group formation was measured, while no significant correlation with S–S groups, protein surface hydrophobicity, D_4,3 was observed. It indicated that not only protein oxidation and aggregation but also degradation by pepsin would influence proteolysis with trypsin and α-chymotrypsin.