On the park effect in arrays of oscillating wave energy converters

This paper aims to provide guidelines for designing the layout of arrays of oscillating Wave Energy Converters (WECs) based on a review of the literature of wave interactions and park effect in WEC arrays that has been published over the past 30 years.First, the fundamentals of wave energy absorption by oscillating bodies are summarised, and the principal differences between the park effect in arrays of wave energy converters and wind turbines are highlighted. Then, the numerical approaches commonly used to deal with WEC arrays are outlined briefly and their limitations are discussed. It is argued that, at present, only Boundary Element Methods (BEM) are capable of the appropriate analysis. Finally, previous work on wave interactions and park effect in WEC arrays is reviewed. Similar trends are found in these studies, which allow conclusions to be drawn regarding the significance of the park effect as a function of the number of WECs in the array and their spacing. Based on these conclusions, the following tentative guidelines are proposed:For small arrays of conventional devices (fewer than 10 devices of typical dimension 10–20 m) with usual layouts (regular or shifted grids with separating distance of order 100–200 m), the park effect appears to be negligible. For larger arrays (more than 10 devices), a negative park effect seems to be increasingly important with increasing number of rows (the lines of WECs perpendicular to the incident wave direction). Therefore, the number of rows should remain as small as possible, with a separating distance as large as possible. For arrays of non-conventional WECs (WECs of typical dimensions much larger than 10–20 m), no information has been found. However, trends similar to the previous cases could be expected, provided that aspect ratios are maintained.     

工业园区发展循环经济的问题及对策

文章分析了循环经济的概念、特点及意义,探讨了循环经济理论在江西省建设生态工业园过程中存在的主要问题,并结合实际提出了相应的对策.     

提升“一体化”理念 推进循环经济发展

阐述了循环经济的概念、循环经济和生态经济的关系。强调按照循环经济的要求不断丰富和提升上海化学工业区＂一体化＂开发理念的重要性,并提出一些思考和建议。     

巴黎贝西地区的更新与开发

本文针对城市范围内落后地区的更新与开发，以位于巴黎12区的贝西地区为例，介绍其整治过程中的策略、步骤和特点。     

传承文化塑造特色——佛山亚洲艺术公园建设

佛山亚洲艺术公园是第七届亚洲艺术节的重要活动场地。公园通过最具佛山特色的陶艺和水体、植物、建筑、桥梁、小品、照明等造园要素表现亚洲文明、华夏文明和岭南地域文化,体现中国和亚洲文化艺术的交流和融合,使亚洲其他国家了解中国、认识佛山;也让佛山人了解亚洲,并更深刻地认识和热爱自己的文化。     

因地制宜、科学规划的实践与思考——以金华金西开发区东区工业园控制性详细规划为例

金华金西开发区东区工业园控制性详细规划，以延续和保护历史风貌为重点，以尊重自然地形为原则，注重保护和利用自然水系，构建“一商、二轴、二居，二组团、四园”的规划结构，创造传统文脉，自然环境、现代生活三者相结合的现代化生态型工业园区。     

苏州工业园区钟园路公园商业中心

苏州工业园区钟园路公园商业中心是一个远离城市中心的商业项目,典型的商业功能却产生非典型的商业形式,其形式的特殊性来自于对总图原则和基本商业规律的策略性回应。     

塘厦镇科苑城信息产业园核心区城市设计

尊重场所精神是东莞市塘厦镇科苑城信息产业园核心区贯穿始终的规划理念,其用地功能布局可归纳为“一轴、一心、两带、三区”,空间规划布局可归纳为“山城合一,碧水环抱”,景观设计构思可概括为“起地形,布草坡,翠壅新城;循河道,理堰塘,水韵悠长”。     

Biomimetic Patterns in Architectural Design

Julian Vincent , Professor of Biomimetics and Director of the Centre for Biomimetics and Natural Technologies within the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Bath, identifies three distinct levels at which patterns can be translated from biology to architecture. Emphasising the importance of pattern recognition in the transfer of the most abstract derivations, he demonstrates that the greatest potential for biomimetics lies in its application for problem solving rather than straightforward mimicry of biological shapes and forms. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.