微孔膜气体分布器对气液传质的影响

本文开发了一种新型微孔膜气体分布器,并对使用该分布器时鼓泡塔反应器内气液传质性能进行了研究。实验结果表明,使用这种新型膜气体分布器可以得到细小均匀的气泡,较大幅度地增大了气液传质比表面积,从而大大强化了反应器的传质能力。     

Simulation of reverse flow operation for manipulation of catalyst surface coverage in the selective oxidation of ammonia

A mathematical model has been developed for the simulation of the ammonia oxidation in a reverse flow reactor. Computer simulations were carried out with a kinetic scheme, based upon elementary reaction steps. Aim was to explore the potential of a reverse flow reactor for selective oxidation of NH₃ to produce either N₂, NO, or N₂O via a dedicated operation procedure. Therefore, the conversion of NH₃ and the selectivity toward N₂, NO, or N₂O, were compared for a reverse flow operation and a steady state, once-through operation.A new operation concept of reverse flow operation in combination with a periodically lower feed concentration is proposed. The novel reactor concept shows a better performance compared to normal reverse flow operation and to steady state, once-through operation. The results indicate that reverse flow operation can be applied for manipulation of conversion and selectivity. A periodically lower feed concentration may increase the conversion, even up to levels that exceed the steady state value.     

Gas-liquid mass transfer in a circulating jet-loop nitrifying MBR

Based on airlift configuration, a novel circulating jet-loop submerged membrane bioreactor (JLMBR) adapted to ammonium partial oxidation has been developed. Membrane technology and combined air and water forced circulation are adopted to obtain a high biomass retention time and to achieve a separate control of mixing and aeration. This study is intended to determine how gas-liquid mass transfer is affected by operating conditions. In a first approximation, liquid was assumed to be perfectly mixed. A classical non-steady state clean water test, known as the “gas out-gas in” method, was used to determine the gas-liquid mass transfer coefficient k_La. Air and recirculated liquid superficial velocities were gradually increased from 0.013 to and 0.0056 to , respectively. Subsequently, the gas-liquid mass transfer coefficient k_La varied from 0.01 to . It appears to be influenced by the combined action of air and recirculated liquid flowrates in the range and , respectively, for air and liquid. Correlations are proposed to describe this double influence. Experiments were performed on tap water and a culture medium used for the autotrophic growth of nitrifying bacteria, respectively. Oxygen transfer appeared to be not significantly affected by the mineral salt encountered in this medium.     

Experimental Study on the Hydrodynamics and Mass Transfer Characteristics of Ultrasonic Loop Airlift Reactor

The promoting effect of ultrasonic wave on the hydrodynamics and mass transfer characteristics of the loop airlift reactor was studied. The gas holdup, liquid circulation velocity, mixing time and overall volumetric mass transfer coefficient were examined and compared, with and without ultrasonic wave in the reactor. The experimental results show that ultrasound has almost no notable effect on the gas holdup, but has a tendency to decrease gradually the liquid circulation velocity and increase the overall volumetric mass transfer coefficient; and the effect on the mixing time is relatively complex. At low superficial gas velocity, the low powered ultrasound promotes the radial mixing of fluid; with the ultrasonic power increasing, ultrasonic vibration obstructs the axial mixing of fluid. Moreover, the effect of ultrasonic wave on the mixing time gradually decreases with the increase in the superficial gas velocity. Therefore there exists an optimal ultrasonic power for hydrodynamics and mass transfer. Correlations were also proposed for the hydrodynamics and mass transfer characteristics of the reactor.     

Laminar and turbulent mass transfer simulations in a parallel plate reactor

Laminar and turbulent mass transfer in a parallel plate reactor at high Schmidt number obtained from numerical simulation is compared with literature data. In a first step, the fluid flow is determined numerically in the reactor by solving the Navier–Stokes equations. For turbulent flow, a low Reynolds number k— model is used to calculate the turbulent viscosity. Using the obtained flow field and turbulent viscosity, the current density distribution is calculated for different flow velocities by solving the equations describing the transport of multiple ions due to diffusion, convection and migration. For the laminar case, a very good agreement with literature data is obtained. For turbulent flow, different numerical models for turbulent mass transfer are proposed in the literature. A detailed study of the behaviour close to the wall of these different turbulence models is presented, together with a comparison of the calculated results with literature correlations. This allows identification of the benefits and disadvantages of each of the turbulence models for the numerical calculation of mass transfer at high Schmidt numbers in a parallel plate reactor.     

大型地下变电站GIS现场绝缘试验方法

针对大型地下变电站空间相对狭窄的特点,提出交流耐压试验配合灵敏局放测量的地下变电站GIS现场绝缘试验方案,其中GIS耐压试验采用SF6气体绝缘的试验电抗器实现.试验表明,该方案可行性强、有效性高,适合在大型地下变电站中现场推广应用.     

小型加热炉炉温微机控制系统

针对小型试验反应器的特点,介绍了PID自整定、串级控制、采样调节、程序适应控制、程序升降温等多种控制策略在该种反应器温度控制上的应用。结果表明,反应器内温稳态温度控制精度高,升降温曲线能很好地跟踪开停工工艺条件,开停工简单方便,参数整定方便,适应性强,控制方式灵活,减轻了操作人员的劳动强度,提高了试验装置的自动化水平。     

生物浸矿反应器的制作及矿浆质量分数分布特征

以自制的生物浸矿反应器为对象,以反应器内矿浆质量分数分布为评价指标,就搅拌器搅拌方式、外循环流量及曝气大小对矿浆质量分数的分布进行了研究.结果表明:当搅拌速度为1800～2000 r/min,搅拌桨离曝气器顶部2～3 cm,外部循环流量为13 L/min,曝气量为1.2 m3/h时,反应器内矿浆质量分数分布均匀.并对总矿浆质量分数为6 %、10 %、15%和20%的反应器内矿浆质量分数随反应器高度的变化进行了研究.     

挠性转子磁力轴承系统LQ最优控制研究

在高温气冷堆氦气透平发电系统（HTR—IOGT）的相似性模拟实验装置AMB—PⅡ上,开展针对磁力轴承支承下挠性转子系统的优化控制研究。采用离散质量的集总参数法建立了相应转子动力学模型,通过适当模态截断简化获得了转子系统的状态方程。研究了LQ最优控制方法,分析了权重参数的选择对控制器的影响。仿真实验表明,输出反馈LQ结合相位补偿的控制器,具有物理意义清晰、系统结构简单和参数易于调节等优点。在AMB—PⅡ实验台架上不仅实现了转子的稳定悬浮,而且能够有效地抑制转子的高阶挠性模态振动,使转子顺利通过了二阶挠性临界转速,最高达到450Hz。该方法的研究为今后高温气冷堆氦气透平工程的磁力轴承实际应用提供了良好的设计参考。     

1000MW压水堆核电机组一回路充排水过程中水位测量仪表偏差分析

应用流体力学中关于管道流动阻力的理论,分析1000MW压水堆核电机组在常温常压下一回路排水过程中水位的变化情况,找出水位偏差大的原因,并提出解决这一问题的措施。