The effect of a lower extremity kinematic constraint on lifting biomechanics

Leaning against a stationary barrier during manual materials handling tasks is observed in many industrial environments, but the effects of this kinematic constraint on low back mechanics are unknown. Thirteen participants performed two-handed lifting tasks using both a leaning posture and no leaning posture while trunk kinematics, muscle activity and ground reaction force were monitored. Results revealed that lifting with the leaning posture required significantly less activity in erector spinae (26% vs. 36% MVC) and latissimus dorsi (8% vs. 14% MVC), and less passive tissue moment compared with the no leaning posture. Peak sagittal accelerations were lower when leaning, but the leaning posture also had significantly higher slip potential as measured by required coefficient of friction (0.05 vs. 0.36). The results suggested that the leaning lifting strategy provides reduced low back stress, but does so at the cost of increased slip potential.     

Work-arounds and Boundary Crossing in a High Tech Optronics Company: The Role of Co-operative Workflow Technologies

This study examines how some employeescoped with the exceptions that they encountered withtheir on-going use of a co-operative workflowtechnology in an optronics company. By drawing on thecase material, this paper will indicate thatapproaches which view work as being capable of beingplanned and managed through the formal authority ofthe hierarchy are insufficient. Instead, this paperwill suggest that exception handling, work-arounds andimprovisation are more characteristic of humanactivity. Computer supported co-operative work will beconceptualised as being embedded in a dynamicrelationship between the context it is situatedwithin, and the actors that engage in it. Theprinciples underlying ethnography have informed theresearch approach.     

城市公共空间中的危险性辨识

从城市公共空间的概念入手,对城市公共空间中的道路设置、铺装设置、公共设施以及植物配置方面存在的危险、有害因素进行分析、辨识;通过这个总结性研究有助于提出合理可行的设计方案,对有效地预防事故发生,减少财产损失和人员伤亡、伤害,降低事故发生率,具有很好的借鉴作用。     

The effects of container size, frequency and extended horizontal reach on maximum acceptable weights of lifting for female industrial workers

In the development of our present manual materials handling (MMH) guidelines (Snook, S.H., Ciriello, V.M., 1991. The design of manual tasks: revised tables of maximum acceptable weights and forces. Ergonomics 34, 1197-1213), the assumption was made that the effects of frequency on maximum acceptable weights (MAWs) of lifting with a large box (hand distance, 38 cm from chest) were similar to that of lifting with a small box (hand distance, 17 cm from chest). The first purpose of the present experiment was to investigate this assumption with female industrial workers. The second purpose was to study the effects of extended horizontal reach lifting (hand distance, 44.6 cm from chest) on MAWs as a confirmation of the results of a previous studies on this variable with males (Ciriello, V.M., Snook, S.H., Hughes, G.J., 1993. Further studies of psychophysically determined maximum acceptable weights and forces. Hum. Factors 35(1), 175-186; Ciriello, V.M., 2003. The effects of box size, frequency, and extended horizontal reach on maximum acceptable weights of lifting. Int. J. Ind. Ergon. 32, 115-120). Lastly, we studied the effects of high frequency (20 lifts/min) on MAWs of lifting. Ten female industrial workers performed 15 variations of lifting using our psychophysical methodology whereby the subjects were asked to select a workload they could sustain for 8h without "straining themselves or without becoming unusually tired weakened, overheated or out of breath". The results confirmed that MAWs of lifting with the large box was significantly effected by frequency. The frequency factor pattern in this study was similar to the frequency pattern from a previous study using the small box (Ciriello, V.M., Snook, S.H., 1983. A study of size distance height, and frequency effects on manual handling tasks. Hum. Factors 25(5), 473-483) for all fast frequencies down to one lift every 2 min with deviations of 7%, 15%, and 13% for the one lift every 5 and 30 min tasks and the one lift in 8h task, respectively. The effects of lifting with an extended horizontal reach decreased MAW 22% and 18% for the mid and center lift and the effects of the 20 lifts/min frequency resulted in a MAW that was 47% of a 1 lift/min MAW. Incorporating these results in future guidelines should improve the design of MMH tasks for female workers.     

Physiological and psychophysical responses in handling maximum acceptable weights under different footwear--floor friction conditions

A study on combined manual materials-handling tasks performed on floors under three friction levels was conducted. Eight male subjects participated in the study. The maximum acceptable weight of handling, including lifting, carrying for 3m, lowering, and walking 3m back at twice per minute was determined. The subject then performed the same tasks for 10 min. Heart rate, Vo2, energy efficiency, perceived sense of slip, and rating of perceived exertion for whole body strain were measured. The results showed that the effects of friction level on the maximum acceptable weights of handling, perceived sense of slip, Vo2, and energy efficiency were statistically significant (p相似文献   

模拟预测滤波器的设计与分析

设计了一种具有特殊的窄带信号模型预测性能的模拟连续时间滤波器。该滤波器是通过离散时间区域中使用模型传递函数设计的具有有源RC的结构。     

Patient views of adverse events: comparisons of self-reported healthcare staff attitudes with disclosure of accident information

In the present paper, we report results of surveys in 2003 in Japan and Denmark about patients' views about adverse events, focusing on the actions of healthcare staff involved in a medical accident. Results show that patients were more likely to indicate negative expectations to a doctor's reactions after a medical accident when asked in general terms than when asked in relation to concrete case stories. When asked in general terms, 66% (47%) of Japanese (Danish) respondents expected that doctors sometimes hold back on providing information to patients about a medical accident, while 37% (7%) did so when asked about a concrete, mild-outcome case. We examine some possible reasons for the relatively high level of distrust of Japanese patients, and we discuss whether the seemingly lower level of disclosure in Japan than in Denmark and the negative stories in the Japanese press may have an impact. We also suggest some implications for introducing a patient-centred or customer-centred approach to risk management in healthcare and other domains.     

A knowledge-based approach for handling exceptions in business processes

This paper describes a novel knowledge-based methodology and toolset for helping business process designers and participants better manage exceptions (unexpected deviations from an ideal sequence of events caused by design errors, resource failures, requirement changes, etc.) that can occur during the enactment of a process. This approach is based on an on-line repository exploiting a generic and reusable body of knowledge, which describes what kinds of exceptions can occur in collaborative work processes, how these exceptions can be detected, and how they can be resolved. This work builds upon previous efforts from the MIT Process Handbook project and from research on conflict management in collaborative design. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

事故树分析法在港机故障检测中的应用

采用事故树分析法（ATA）对门座式起重机的潜在危险源进行辨识,以门座式起重机事故为顶上事件,从“倒塌”和“货物坠落”两类典型事故人手,层层深入,寻找导致顶上事件发生的原因,建立事故树．按照事故树中各事件的逻辑关系,运用布尔代数法简化事故树得到其代数表达式,然后对事故树进行定性分析,得到事故树的最小割集,计算出最容易导致顶上事件发生的一阶割集的结构重要度,并对其进行排序．结果显示导致门座式起重机事故的主要危险源为超负荷工作、焊缝开裂、设计制造安装缺陷以及操作不当等问题,提出在额定载荷下工作、严格按照国标设计制造安装以及定期检修等预防门座式起重机此类事故发生的对策．     

ALOHA在苯泄漏事故中的模拟分析

危化品泄漏可能引发中毒、火灾或爆炸事故。以常州市某危险化学品储罐区苯储罐受外物撞击为背景,对苯罐泄漏进行后果分析,并利用ALOHA模拟软件对可能存在的瞬时泄漏和连续泄漏两种事故场景分别进行了计算模拟。通过选择各事故场景下某一事故类型对应的关注水平,得到相应的苯扩散区域、可燃区域和蒸气云爆炸超压影响区域的模拟图。对于同一事故场景,毒性影响范围都明显大于其他类型事故的影响范围,因此在应急疏散中应以毒性影响范围作为依据进行疏散。ALOHA在极低风速、稳定的大气条件、风向变化和地形变化较大以及局部浓度不均匀4种情况下的模拟结果不稳定,在实际应用时需要注意。