黄河口河道演变规律探讨

通过分析黄河口河道在纵剖面、横断面、河型等方面的演变过程,总结归纳出黄河口河道的演变规律。指出:黄河口泥沙在潮汐涨落等因素影响下,河口河道纵剖面逐渐形成台阶状,与此同时,河口滩地横比降逐渐发展为倒比降;河口河道中段由顺直型河道逐渐转为弯曲型河道,而下段仍为相对顺直、游荡型河道。当河口河道中段比降减小到一定程度后,此河段开始漫滩、卡冰、出汊。河口台阶的形成揭示了黄河口流路由单股河道逐渐转为出汊的过程,即黄河口流路由“青壮期”逐渐转为“衰亡期”的过程。延长黄河口流路使用年限的途径是:①尽量减少黄河下游输向黄河口的泥沙量;②采取河口挖沙或人工改汊措施,地点宜选在河口河道的中下段。     

A new monitoring system for piping systems in fossil fired power plants

A CEC-funded project has been performed to tackle the problem of producing an advanced Life Monitoring System (LMS) which would calculate the creep and fatigue damage experienced by high temperature pipework components. Four areas were identified where existing Life Monitoring System technology could be improved:

1. 1. the inclusion of creep relaxation

2. 2. the inclusion of external loads on components

3. 3. a more accurate method of calculating thermal stresses due to temperature transients

4. 4. the inclusion of high cycle fatigue terms.

The creep relaxation problem was solved using stress reduction factors in an analytical in-elastic stress calculation. The stress reduction factors were produced for a number of common geometries and materials by means of non-linear finite element analysis. External loads were catered for by producing influence coefficients from in-elastic analysis of the particular piping system and using them to calculate bending moments at critical positions on the pipework from load and displacement measurements made at the convenient points at the pipework. The thermal stress problem was solved by producing a completely new solution based on Green's Function and Fast Fourier transforms. This allowed the thermal stress in a complex component to be calculated from simple non-intrusive thermocouple measurements made on the outside of the component. The high-cycle fatigue problem was dealt with precalculating the fatigue damage associated with standard transients and adding this damage to cumulative total when a transient occurred.

The site testing provided good practical experience and showed up problems which would not otherwise have been detected.     

Critical-point drying versus freeze drying for scanning electron microscopy: a quantitative and qualitative study on isolated hepatocytes

Critical-point drying and freeze drying were compared both quantitatively and qualitatively as preparative procedures for scanning electron microscopy. Isolated hepatocytes were used as model cells. Nomarski differential interference contrast microscopy was used for light microscopic measurements of the hepatocytes in the unfixed, the glutaraldehyde fixed, the glutaraldehyde + OsO₄ fixed, the critical-point dried and the freeze dried states. Critical-point dried hepatocytes were found to shrink to 38% of glutaraldehyde + OsO₄ fixed volume, whereas optimal freeze dried hepatocytes (frozen in water saturated with chloroform and freeze dried at 183 K for 84 h) were found to shrink to 51% of glutaraldehyde + OsO₄ fixed volume. Transmission and scanning electron micrographs of the critical-point dried cells showed well-preserved ultrastructure and surface structure. Micrographs of the freeze dried cells showed ultrastructure destroyed by internal ice crystals and surface structure destroyed by external ice crystals. Double-fixed isolated hepatocytes were shown to swell during storage in buffer and to shrink during storage after critical-point drying. For low magnification scanning electron microscopy (up to about 3000 times) both critical-point drying and freeze drying can be used. However, for high magnification scanning electron microscopy, critical-point drying is superior to freeze drying.     

保护储层的无固相压井液

研制出了具有保护储层效果的无固相压井液，其基液配方为0．5％LG－1－1＋0．4％LG－2＋1％小阳离子＋0．1％其它。此外还研究开发出了无机盐增溶剂LG－3，加入LG－3可加宽低成本无机盐的使用范围，很大程度地降低压井液配液成本和单井综合成本。该压井液密度在1．0－2．5g/cm^3之间可调，具有无固相、滤失量低、抑制性强等特点，抗温能力在120℃左右。室内性能评价结果表明，无固相压井液对高渗储层岩心的渗透率损害率平均为4．0％，对低渗储层岩心的渗透率损害率平均为2．9％，说明该体系对储层具有很好的保护效果。     

聚合物降解产物伤害与糖甙键特异酶破胶技术

综述了钻井，完井，尤其是水力压裂作业中产生的多糖类聚合物伤害和应用糖甙键特异酶破胶，解除多糖类聚合物伤害的技术。第一节报道了聚合物降解产物造成的伤害，指出冻胶破胶液粘度低并不代表压裂液已从充填裂缝中充分返排，氧化破胶剂和普通酶破胶剂不能使多糖类聚合物充分降解，产生的大分子量，水不溶的降解产物可对地层造成伤害，消除伤害的办法是采用对糖甙键有特异性的各种水解酶作压裂液破胶剂或伤害地层处理剂。第二节报道了各种聚合物（纤维素，瓜尔胶，淀粉）糖甙键特异酶降解聚合物的机理。第三节报道了糖甙键特异酶（主要针对瓜尔胶）的应用性能测试及结果，包括岩心流动实验，含糖量和分子量测定，传导性测试。第四节介绍了糖甙键特异酶消除聚合物伤害和用作压裂液破胶剂的现场应用，包括选井原则，实施工艺要点及3个典型井例。     

储层敏感性快速预测软件在大港油田的研究与应用

在储层特征分析，室内实验，机理研究的基础上，利用人工神经BP网络建立预测模型，并编制了预测储层5种敏感性的软件，该软件受人为因素干扰小，所需参数少，准确度高，综合符合率大于80％现场应用结果表明，该技术能为制定保护油气层技术措施提供较可靠的依据，能提高油田滚动开发效益，改善老油田的开发效果，该软件对BP算法进行了改进，（1）从两方面入手使网络摆脱平坦区，一是对输入数据进行归一化处理，使O1的取值在[0,1]之间，二是一旦网络陷入平坦区域，局部极小，使连接权值Wkj,Wji和阈值Qk,Qj同时缩小一个因子，λ＞1，可使Ok(1-Ok)脱离零值，离开平坦区；（2）加速收敛，方法有自动调整学习因子，添加动量项以及对权值进行批处理，用BP算法预测储层潜在敏感性，首先应确定影响储层敏感性的主要因素，然后根据这些因素有针对性地收集有关资料并进行处理，再根据敏感性预测的要求，设计相应的网络结构进行训练，最后对训练好的网络进行.检验。     

滨南油区注水现状及治理技术

通过对滨南油区注水现状的调查，发现存在的主要问题是水井套管损坏严重和部分水井欠注。文章全面地介绍了套管损坏井治理和攻欠增注工艺技术在现状的应用。     

高密度低损害压井液体系

为了解决修井、射孔等作业过程中压井液的漏失、滤失问题,以及由此造成的水敏、水锁、固相堵塞、乳液堵塞等地层损害,提出并研制了一种含可溶性固相的暂堵型高密度压井液配方体系。该体系主要由XC聚合物和YDC-LN助剂以及可水溶性加重剂组成。通过配方筛选和室内模拟试验研究,结果表明该体系稳定性好,耐温超过105℃,滤失量小,抑制性强,岩心损害率小于20%,而且具有密度可调、返排率高等特点;与自来水和油田污水的配伍性好,应用简单、方便。     

大庆油田套损井打通道加固技术

介绍了大庆油田近几年在套损井打通道加固技术方面取得的技术进步，在磨铣打通道技术上主要对钻铣工具的结构进行了优化设计及合理及合金刀块的优选组合，提高了磨铣效率，缩短了施工周期；在爆炸打通道技术中设计了安全隔爆装置，提高了施工的安全性，使爆炸扩径技术得到完善；Φ106mm密封加固技术的研制成功，取代了Φ100mm密封加固技术，为套损井修复后的完井工艺提供有效的技术支持，提出了大庆油田目前在套损井打通道加固方面存在的难题，结合国外在套损井打通道加固方面技术的新发展，对现有技术的局限性进行了分析，提出了今后技术攻关的方向。     

Suggestions for the quantitative X-ray microanalysis of thin sections of frozen-dried and embedded biological tissues

When a microregion in a thin section of frozen-dried and embedded tissue is analysed by the conventional electron-probe X-ray continuum-normalization method, the measured quantity is in mmol of element per kg of embedded specimen. As each microregion contains an unknown amount of embedding medium, this quantity generally lies indeterminately somewhere within the wide range between mmol of element per kg of hydrated tissue and mmol of element per kg of dehydrated tissue. However, if a ‘tag’ element is incorporated in the embedding medium, the contribution of the medium to the local continuum count in each probed field should be measurable, and the X-ray data may then unambiguously yield mmol of element per kg of dehydrated tissue. This result should not be affected by shrinkage on freeze-drying or by incomplete replacement of water by embedding medium. The same X-ray data can additionally provide estimates of mmol of element per unit volume, mmol of element per kg of hydrated tissue and local dry-mass fraction. However, these estimates are subject to errors due to tissue shrinkage, incomplete replacement of water and beam damage.