基于特勒根定理的风场送出线路新型纵联保护

双馈风机和永磁直驱风机广泛应用于陆上风电场。受控制策略影响,送出线路故障时风场侧故障特性与同步机电源差异显著,使传统纵联保护性能下降。特勒根定理建立于基尔霍夫电压、电流定律,仅与电路拓扑结构有关,对含线性/非线性、时变/时不变元件的电路均能适用。将特勒根定理应用到陆上风场送出系统,建立了满足定理应用要求的线路故障拓扑结构图。以此为基础,分析了能够区分内、外部故障的特征量,提出了一种基于故障前后线路两端电压电流的新型纵联保护动作判据。利用风场多个故障案例的录波数据和基于PSCAD的仿真数据对所提判据进行验证及对比分析,证明了所提纵联保护方法的优越性和可行性。     

基于暂态高频能量的直驱风场汇集线路保护

针对直驱风场汇集线路故障难以识别的问题,提出了一种基于暂态高频能量的直驱风场汇集线路保护方法。首先,基于风机变流器控制系统与电气参数影响,结合元件在高频区段的暂态特性,建立由感性阻抗构成的风场汇集线路暂态高频模型。在此基础上,建立区内外故障下的暂态高频网络,根据不同故障场景与保护安装处暂态高频能量的匹配特性,构建基于暂态高频能量方向差异的保护判据。最后,在RT-LAB仿真平台验证了所提方法在各种故障情况下,均能正确识别区内外故障,故障识别不受同步误差影响,耐过渡电阻能力强。     

基于正序阻抗幅值比的风电场送出线路纵联保护

针对风电场送出线路纵联保护在数据延时传输及异常采样数据下保护性能不佳的问题,提出了基于正序阻抗幅值比的纵联保护。通过分析风电系统送出线路发生区内外故障时正序阻抗幅值特征,得出区内外故障下双端正序阻抗幅值差异比特征不同。引入综合层次聚类(balanced iterative reducing and clustering using hierarchies, BIRCH)方法剔除正序阻抗幅值序列中异常采样数据,形成不含异常采样数据的故障时间序列聚类特征,并结合双端正序阻抗幅值差异比特征,构造不受数据延时传输影响的纵联保护判据。仿真结果表明,所提出的纵联保护不受系统运行工况、故障类型、数据延时传输及异常采样数据的影响。在过渡电阻达到150  时,所提出的纵联保护仍能正确判别故障方向,具有较强的抗噪性能,适用于含风电接入的弱馈型电力系统。     

HVDC/GIC型直流偏磁的差异性分析

考虑到地磁感应电流(geomagnetically induced current, GIC)具有低频性,过去一直将其近似等效为高压直流输电(high voltage direct current, HVDC)诱发的不平衡电流进行研究。然而,与HVDC型直流偏磁相比,GIC型直流偏磁具有显著的随机性与时变性,因此简单地将两者完全等效处理并不合理,在特定场景下应加以区分。为此,首先,从理论上分析了两种类型直流偏磁在诱发原因及特点上的差异。其次,通过研究直流偏磁对变压器本体以及电流互感器的不利影响,进一步探究两种类型直流偏磁对电网一/二次设备的影响差异,为后续的偏磁治理提供有效参考。最后,基于PSCAD/EMTDC仿真平台搭建了等效仿真模型,并通过仿真验证了理论分析的正确性。     

一种新型MMC并联双端口子模块及其三阶段故障电流阻断机理

为使模块化多电平换流器(modular multilevel converter,?MMC)具备直流故障自清除能力和电容电压均衡能力,提出了一种新型并联双端口子模块：钳位双全桥子模块(clamp double full bridge submodule,?CD-FBSM)。该子模块器件成本和运行损耗较低,正常工作时相邻子模块之间具有多种协同运行模式,通过特有的并联模式可提高电容电压均衡度。故障闭锁时,模块内部电容并联、模块之间电容串联且反向接入电路,能够可靠阻断故障电流并均衡电容电压,有利于系统快速重启。此外,提出了三阶段故障电流阻断机理分析方法,对CD-FBSM的故障电流阻断过程进行了研究。通过Matlab/Simulink的仿真结果表明,所提子模块电容电压均衡度较高,可快速阻断故障电流,且故障电流阻断过程与理论分析一致。     

基于空间矢量复合判断指标的变电站动力电缆漏电检测算法

为提高变电站长段动力电缆漏电监测水平,提出了一种基于空间矢量复合判据的变电站长段动力电缆漏电检测算法。首先对现有方法中无法检测三相漏电故障的问题进行了分析。然后,引入空间矢量的概念,将剩余电流数据转换为空间矢量圆,提出了剩余电流差流、A相漏电流以及空间矢量圆半径变化率3个漏电状态判断指标。并建立了针对电缆不平衡漏电及三相漏电故障的类型判断机制,实现了对长段动力电缆漏电状态及类型的准确检测。最后,通过仿真及江苏电网某500 kV变电站实际数据对所提方法的有效性与优越性进行验证。结果表明,该方法能够准确实现对不平衡漏电故障、故障演变过程以及三相漏电故障的判断,丰富了电缆漏电故障的诊断信息,有效提高了对变电站漏电问题的分析处理效率。     

海上风电交流送出线路继电保护优化设计

针对海上风电运行环境恶劣、平台面积资源有限以及电缆线路电容电流显著等问题,提出一种适用于海上风电送出线路的高压线路保护与电抗器保护一体化设计的新方案。首先,将输电线路和电抗器视为一个电气设备,设计了集成优化整体方案,避免了传统的电抗器支路电流的迭代计算。然后,对比研究了传统差动和行波差动对电缆线路电容电流的补偿效果,提出了线路保护优化处理技术。通过引入更为适合的线路零序电流作为电抗器零序差动的制动电流,提出了电抗器保护功能优化策略。最后,仿真实验验证了所提的优化处理技术能够提高海缆线路差动保护和电抗器零序差动保护的灵敏性和可靠性。     

合谷刺配合恢刺阿是穴治疗血瘀型腰椎间盘突出症临床研究

摘 要:目的 观察合谷刺配合恢刺阿是穴对血瘀型腰椎间盘突出症(Lumbar disc herniation,LDH)患者的临床疗效及对腰椎功能日本骨科协会评估治疗评分（Japanese Orthopaedic Association Scores,JOA）、McGill疼痛量表、疼痛视觉模拟评分(Visual Analogue Scale,VAS)及患者血清(5-hydroxytryptamine,5-HT)、P物质(Substance P,SP)的影响。方法 采用随机数字表法将80例血瘀型LDH患者随机分为合谷刺配合恢刺阿是穴组(治疗组)及常规针刺组(对照组),每组40例。治疗组常规选穴行合谷刺法,在此基础上配合恢刺局部压痛点;对照组采用平补平泻法。两组均隔日治疗1次,5次为1疗程,共3疗程。疗程结束后进行综合疗效评价及腰椎功能JOA评分、McGill疼痛量表、VAS及血清5-HT、SP比较。结果 治疗组总有效率为89.18%,对照组为64.86%;与治疗前比较,两组治疗后腰椎功能JOA评分升高,McGill疼痛量表、VAS评分及血清5-HT、SP均降低。结论 合谷刺配合恢刺阿是穴较常规针刺更能有效缓解血瘀型LDH疼痛,提高腰椎功能活动度,从而改善临床症状,值得临床进一步推广。     

A Dual-Mode Electrochromic Platform Integrating Zinc Anode-Based and Rocking-Chair Electrochromic Devices

The complementary electrochromic device, where the optical transmittance changes upon the flow of cations back and forth between anodic and cathodic electrodes, operates in a rocking-chair fashion if it can inherently self-discharge. Herein, the first demonstration of a dual-mode electrochromic platform having self-coloring and self-bleaching characteristics is reported, which is realized by sandwiching zinc metal within a newly-designed Prussian blue (PB)-WO₃ rocking-chair type electrochromic device. It is demonstrated that the redox potential differences between the zinc metal and the WO₃/PB electrodes endow the self-color-switching of these electrodes. By employing a hybrid electrolyte of Zn²⁺/K⁺, it is further shown that the colored PB-WO₃ rocking-chair device is capable of spontaneously bleaching when the anodic and cathodic electrodes are coupled. This dual-mode light-control strategy enables the electrochromic devices to exhibit four distinct optical states with the highest optical contrast of 72.6% and fast switching times (<5 s for the bleaching/coloration processes). Furthermore, the built-in voltage of the dual-mode electrochromic devices not only promotes energy efficiency, but also augments the bistability of the devices. It is envisioned that the broad implication of the present platform is in the development of self-powered smart windows, colorful displays, optoelectronic switches, and optical sensors.     

Electret Molecular Configuration Induced Programmable Photonic Memory for Advanced Logic Operation and Data Encryption

Nonvolatile organic photonic transistor (OPT) memories have attracted widespread attention due to their nondestructive readout, remote controllability, and robust tunability. Developing electrets with similar molecular structures but different memory behaviors and light-responsive features is crucial for light-wavelength-modulated data encryption. However, reported OPT memories have yet to meet this challenge. Here a new electret molecule (“H-PDI”) is developed via reconfiguring the linear perylene diimide molecule (“L-PDI”) to a helical shape. Respectively incorporating H-PDI and L-PDI into the floating gate layer results to H-PDI OPT and L-PDI OPT. Attributing to their remarkably different electronic structures and energy bandgaps, H-PDI OPT and L-PDI OPT preferably respond to 405 and 532 nm light irradiation, respectively. Upon electrical programming, data can be written and stored in both memories with good retention features and a high “1”/“0” state current ratio over 10⁵, though the data can only be erased by light with correct wavelengths, rather than the electrical field. Moreover, data stored in a memory array consisting of both H-PDI OPT and L-PDI OPT can only be read out by correct inputs, and wrong inputs will lead to highly deceptive outputs. This study provides a general design strategy of OPT for advanced data encryption and protection.