Ambient oxygen ingress rate method—an alternative method to Ox‐Tran for measuring oxygen transmission rate of whole packages

The ambient oxygen ingress rate method (AOIR) is an alternative method to Ox‐Tran for measuring the oxygen transmission rates (OTR) of whole packages. The objective of the present work was (a) to compare OTR values obtained by the two methods, and (b) to evaluate the use of the AOIR method for measuring OTR at realistic food storage temperatures and humidity levels. The AOIR method gave equal OTR values compared to the Ox‐Tran method for the five different types of whole packages used in the experiment, with OTR values in the range 0.06–1.48 ml O₂/day. The repeatability of the AOIR method measured on an HDPE bottle was ±2.6% of the measured value in this experiment. This is slightly higher than the general specifications of the Ox‐Tran method (1% of reading for packages). However, the AOIR method can be considered to be a reliable, precise and cheap alternative method to the Ox‐Tran method for measuring OTR of whole packages. The capacity of the method is also high. The AOIR method showed satisfactory results when comparing OTR for packages tested under realistic food storage conditions covering 23°C/50% relative humidity (RH) and at 4°C/60% RH on the outside, combined with water (100% RH) or dry air inside the packages. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

对我国关税征收中名义税率与实际税率差距过大问题的思考

通过对我国关税征收现状的分析，指出了目前存在的一个严重的问题：名义关税率与实际征收率之间差距过大；进一步剖析了这种现象形成的原因及其产生的一系列负面影响；结合我国国情和国际经贸发展趋势，提出了一些具有建设性的意见和建议．     

实行分区标杆上网电价对光伏电站发展的作用

发改价格[2013]1638号文件,根据各地太阳能资源条件和建设成本,将全国分为3类太阳能资源区,制定相应光伏电站标杆上网电价。文章通过案例分析实行分区标杆上网电价对光伏电站以及光伏产业未来发展的作用。     

对SFWF—Ⅰ型涡流纺纱机纱管直径选择的剖析

通过对SFWP—Ⅰ型筒纱压架设计的受力分析与计算,结合纺纱工艺要求,对纱管直径最佳尺寸的选择,进行了理论上的定量分析与探讨,为今后设计筒纱压架,合理选择纱管直径尺寸,提供了理论依据和技术资料。     

基于电源优化扩展规划的抽水蓄能电站经济评价方法研究

为了合理评价抽水蓄能电站的经济合理性和财务可行性，提出了基于电源优化扩展规划的抽水蓄能电站经济评价方法，以河南省宝泉抽水蓄能电站为例，进行了河南电网2000-2015年的电源优化扩展规划计算，在此基础上对该电站进行了经济评价。     

Adaptations of renewable energy policies to unstable macroeconomic situations—Case study: Wind power in Brazil

Despite the massive cost reduction in the last decade, wind power generation is generally still more expensive than conventional energy sources which benefit from the exclusion of externality costs in the price structure. Support policies for renewable energies guarantee the economic viability of this type of electrical power generation in many European countries. In Latin America, Brazil has become the pioneer state for renewable energy with the implementation of the PROINFA programme that supports, among other sources, wind power development of 1100 MW. This article presents an overview of the differences between the German and Brazilian wind power promotion policies with a special focus on how PROINFA can be adapted to the unstable macroeconomic situation of Brazil. The document specifically examines the adaptation of wind power promotion policies to large inflation and interest rates in Brazil.     

浅析供用电合同（电费电价）的纠纷处理

供用电合同既是供用电管理的基础资料,又是处理供用电纠纷最重要的依据。在供用电合同纠纷中,电费电价纠纷居于纠纷首位。文中阐述了电价产生纠纷的原因,提出了客观可行的处理方法,以保护供用电双方合法权益为目的,促使供电企业健康发展。     

基于Minitab DOE的铝丝楔焊键合工艺参数优化

为提高国产陶瓷外壳用于铝丝楔焊键合的可靠性和产品质量,利用Minitab统计软件对一种封装形式为CQFP84的国产陶瓷外壳用于铝丝楔焊键合的工艺参数进行试验设计,并对试验结果进行直观分析和方差分析。讨论过键合功率、键合压力、键合时间及超声功率缓慢上升时间(Ramp)对键合拉力的影响及其显著程度。试验研究表明第2段参数的键合压力、第2段参数的键合功率及第1段参数的Ramp对键合拉力值有显著影响,以键合拉力为参考指标,得到了较优的键合工艺参数,通过验证试验键合拉力相比工艺参数优化前有明显提高,分散度也有明显改善,达到了提高产品可靠性的目标。     

面向社会资本建设的阶梯式水价管理策略

通过对阶梯式水价的分析,指出在阶梯式水价的操作中存在管理收益,但与管理收益同时存在的还有实施瓶颈和成本,瓶颈就是用水定额的制定,成本则为巨大的抄表工作量。最后给出一种面向社会资本建设、能够实现双赢的阶梯式水价操作方法。     

互联互通漫谈

在我国，目前对互联互通问题在认识上还存在许多偏差，国内互联互通刍议的焦点表现为互联费是否适当的问题，但它并非争议的全部，要互联互通解决难题，首先运营商特别是主导运营商必须转变观念，将互联互通视为一项业务；主管部门则应分析问题产生的根源，并对原因分析排序，分清轻重缓急，预计主管部门最终还需要建立第三方清算中心；用户和大众媒体也应积极配合。