Modelling renewable supply chain for electricity generation with forest, fossil, and wood-waste fuels

In this paper, a multiple objective model to large-scale and long-term industrial energy supply chain scheduling problems is considered. The problems include the allocation of a number of fossil, peat, and wood-waste fuel procurement chains to an energy plant during different periods. This decision environment is further complicated by sequence-dependent procurement chains for forest fuels. A dynamic linear programming model can be efficiently used for modelling energy flows in fuel procurement planning. However, due to the complex nature of the problem, the resulting model cannot be directly used to solve the combined heat and electricity production problem in a manner that is relevant to the energy industry. Therefore, this approach was used with a multiple objective programming model to better describe the combinatorial complexity of the scheduling task. The properties of this methodology are discussed and four examples of how the model works based on real-world data and optional peat fuel tax, feed-in tariff of electricity and energy efficiency constraints are presented. The energy industry as a whole is subject to policy decisions regarding renewable energy production and energy efficiency regulation. These decisions should be made on the basis of comprehensive techno-economic analysis using local energy supply chain models.     

商业信用-广告合作的供应链两部定价契约协调

在一个制造商和一个零售商构成的供应链中,考虑制造商以提供商业信用、零售商以广告形式进行的合作对制造商制定批发价格的影响,通过纵向整合分析、Nash均衡分析与Stackelberg均衡分析,阐明两部定价契约在供应链协调及收益分配方面的作用,确定了实现供应链协调的契约参数与条件。最后通过数值算例说明了所得结论。     

Cost and optimal feed-in tariff for small scale photovoltaic systems in China

China has recently become a dominant player in the solar photovoltaic (PV) industry, producing more than one-third of the global supply of solar cells in 2008. However, as of 2008, less than 1% of global installations were based in China. Recently, the government has stated its grand ambitions of expanding the share of electricity derived from solar power. As part of this initiative, policy makers are currently in the process of drafting a feed-in tariff policy to support the development of the solar energy market. In this paper, we aim to calculate what the level of such a tariff should be. We develop a closed form equation for the cost of PV, and use forecasts on prices of solar systems to derive an optimal feed-in tariff, including a digression rate. The focus is on the potential of residential and small scale commercial solar PV installations. We show that the cost of small scale PV in China has decreased rapidly during the period 2005–2009. Our analysis also shows that optimal feed-in tariffs vary widely between regions within China, and that grid parity could be reached in large parts of the country depending on the expected escalation in electricity prices.     

基于时间序列MODIS影像的暴雨后作物淹没历时提取方法

作物淹没历时是作物洪水淹没减产损失精分析的一个重要指标,由于受作物分布\,地形差异等因素影响,直接获取作物淹没历时数据存在困难。作物淹没历时由暴雨期作物淹没历时与暴雨后作物淹没历时两部分构成。现有的暴雨后作物淹没历时提取主要通过流域内的排涝能力和洪涝积水量来估算整个退水历时,因流域排涝数据获取困难,排涝能力以点带面,不能有效表达流域特征,亦不能反映暴雨后作物淹没历时的空间分布,对降雨淹没历时估计能力有限。因此,提出了应用暴雨后长时间序列MODIS数据,结合洪水退去过程有序渐变特点,构建具有稳健性与一致性特点的作物淹没历时指数,并结合最优二分算法分界点提取大范围暴雨后作物淹没历时的新方法。最后以2003年6~8月淮河暴雨洪水及2010年7~9月辽河暴雨洪水为例,通过以实验样田为单位的点比较以及以流域分布为单位的整体对比验证了该方法的准确性和可行性。同时该方法具有数据获取容易\,算法实现简单\,结果直观可靠\,空间特征明显等特点,易于推广应用。     

基于系统成本的新能源等效上网电价计算方法及应用

新能源发电并网利用必须依靠火电、抽蓄等调节性、支撑性电源以及电网的支持,必然增加常规电源、电网等主体的投资运行成本,即新能源的系统成本.针对目前常用的新能源经济性评价指标并没有考虑系统成本,不利于有效疏导各主体付出的成本和提升各主体促进新能源消纳的内在积极性的问题,提出了新能源等效上网电价概念以及基于对比差额法的系统成...     

考虑多种上网价格规制的光伏微网运营对比研究

光伏微网是促进光伏就地消纳利用,发挥分布式光伏发电系统效能的有效方式。在光伏微网发展进程中,微网成本-收益的非对称性和光伏发电的正外部性会导致光伏微网投资效益不明显,必须由政府进行干预以扶持其发展,上网价格规制为其中最有效的方式。当前,我国短时间内大幅提高可再生能源发电比例,在政策制定上缺乏系统规划,造成规制效率水平低,不能充分发挥规制工具对光伏微网投资运营的指导作用。因此,该文对不同电价场景下上网电价规制类型对微网各主体收益的影响进行分析。首先,建立微网商业模型,分析微网运营模式及各主体收益分配;其次,基于价格信号构建多场景,即用户电价分别为固定电价和分时电价,上网电价分别为固定电价模型、固定溢价模型和可变溢价模型,提出多场景下微网内储能的充放电策略及整体运行策略,并进行时序仿真,得出典型日内不同微网主体间能量交换关系及收益分配;最后,对多场景下电价模型对各主体收益的影响进行灵敏度分析;将模型应用于广东某微网,验证了所述方法的有效性和可行性,对有关部门进行不同电价场景下微网上网电价的规制决策有较好的借鉴意义。     

我国销售电价交叉补贴问题研究

随着我国电力市场化改革的不断深化,现存的销售电价交叉补贴已成为电力工业发展中必须正视并亟待解决的关键问题。从交叉补贴和电力普遍服务理论出发,借鉴国外解决电价交叉补贴的经验,针对我国电力工业发展各阶段,设计了销售电价交叉补贴解决方案,并对方案的应用实施进行了分析。     

电力市场中热电联产机组两部制电价机制的研究

通过比较热电联产机组与常规火电机组的优势劣势,分析了国内外电力市场中热电联产机组的扶持政策和运营情况,提出了热电联产机组参与电力市场的两部制电价机制设计方法,给出了热电联产机组两部制电价中可用容量、可用小时数、容量电价、电量电价等参数的计算方法,形成了一套科学合理的价格形成机制,使其与常规火电机组可以参与同一电力市场竞价上网。     

轴承内圈抛光用心轴的改进

在对轴承内圈滚道进行抛光时要用到抛光心轴,原抛光心轴为一体结构,使用时主要用前部锥面,如磨损后则整体报废,浪费很大。针对以上情况,将抛光心轴改成两体结构,只要更换前部易损件就可以继续使用,既节约了资金,又节省了加工时间,为生产任务的完成提供了保证,也为以后加工、设计此类零件提供了参考。     

存款单作为电费质押担保的可行性及其实践

银行存款单质押作为保证债权实现的一种预防性措施,有着一般担保形式无法比拟的优越性,是一种手续简便、安全性高、变现成本小的物的担保。通过银行存款单质押对电费进行担保,能够有效降低供电企业电费回收的风险。将此种担保推而广之,更有助于解决电费回收难的困境,对促进市场交易有着积极的意义。