Texaco与Shell煤气化工艺比较分析

煤气化技术对于促进煤炭的综合利用、改善当前资源紧缺状况,并减少环境污染具有重要的意义。阐述了Texaco和Shell煤气化的工艺流程,并对2种煤气化工艺进行了比较分析,找出各自的优缺点,为煤气化工艺的选择提供参考。     

DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A PROCESS SIMULATOR FOR DRYING SUBBITUMINOUS COAL

Drying subbituminous coal has never been practiced commercially. The commercial dryers built to date have been designed for drying surface moisture in conjunction with upstream coal preparation facilities. This type of drying is mainly controlled by input energy and the basis of the design is an energy balance. In drying inherent moisture from subbituminous coal, the thermal conductivity of the coal and the diffusion of molecular water within coal particles impose limitations on the process conditions. Energy input and solids residence time in the dryer have to be controlled properly for simultaneously balancing the heat and mass transfer within the coal particles. Improper control of either parameter can cause fires and explosions during the key steps of the drying process—drying and cooling

In parallel to the Anaconda coal drying pilot plant program, a cross-flow, fluid-bed coal drying/cooling process simulator was developed for: (1) understanding the drying phenomena on an individual particle basis; (2) analyzing potential risks and safety limits, and (3) designing the Anaconda pilot plant program

The development of the process simulator was based on both first principles and laboratory data and can be divided into two phases:

1 Development of a semi-mechanistic drying model for Powder River Basin subbituminous coal employing an analytical solution of the diffusion equation

2.Formulation of a fluid-bed cross-bed cross-flow dryer/cooler simulator employing simultaneous heat and mass transfer

This model was validated against process variables data taken on a 4 tph pilot plant. An operable range, or process envelope, has been developed through the pilot plant experience and the process simulation study. Based on the model predictions, an uncertainly range was defined in the design recommendations of a pioneer coal drying plant in scale-up.     

Catalytic coal partial gasification in an atmospheric fluidized bed

The coal partial gasification catalyzed by limestone, sodium carbonate and dolomite was studied using a bench-scale atmospheric fluidized bed in the presence of air and steam at 900 °C. The effects of limestone, sodium carbonate and dolomite on composition, heating value, gas yield of product gas and carbon conversion in the catalytic coal partial gasification have been examined. The experimental results show that the catalysts can effectively improve the gas quality, the heating value and the gas yield of product gas and carbon conversion. The catalytic effect of sodium carbonate is better than that of limestone and dolomite. The increase of limestone loading can enhance the quality of product gas, such as the content of combustible gas, the high heating value and the gas yield, during coal partial gasification. This work was presented at the 6 ^th Korea-China Workshop on Clean Energy Technology held at Busan, Korea, July 4–7, 2006.     

A study of the properties of carbon foam reinforced by clay

A novel carbon foam with high strength and very low thermal conductivity was prepared by thermal treating of coal tar based mesophase pitch mixed with montmorillonite clay. SEM observation showed that less micro-cracking appeared on the cell wall of foam by adding of clay-montmorillonite. Foam mechanical properties were improved and its thermal conductivity was markedly decreased. The compressive strengths were increased by 64%, 96% and 100% when the additive amounts of clay were 2%, 5% and 10% (wt%), respectively. Due to the high thermal insulation and lamellar structure of clay, the thermal conductivity of carbon foam decreases from 2 W/m K to 0.25 W/m K.     

Preparation of zinc ferrite in the presence of carbon material and its application to hot-gas cleaning

In order to develop an efficient absorbent of H₂S in coal gasification, zinc ferrite (ZnFe₂O₄) was prepared in the presence of carbon materials such as activated carbon (AC), activated carbon fiber (ACF), and Yallourn coal (YL). The absorption behavior of absorbents for H₂S was examined using a fixed-bed flow type reactor equipped with a quadrupole mass spectrometer.Carbon material-supported ZnFe₂O₄ exhibited larger desulfurization capacity for H₂S than unsupported ferrites. They could efficiently remove H₂S from 4000 ppm levels in a simulated coal gasification gas to less than 1 ppm at 500 °C. The absorption capacity of H₂S with ZnFe₂O₄/AC, ZnFe₂O₄/ACF, and ZnFe₂O₄/YL exhibited nearly 100% of stoichiometric amount of loaded metal species. They could be regenerated by an air oxidation in O₂-Ar (50 vol%) at 450 °C for 30 min. The regenerated ferrite can be used for repeated absorption of H₂S with a very slight decrease in the absorption capacity.     

Simultaneous reduction of NOx and SO2 emissions from coal combustion by calcium magnesium acetate

The potential of calcium magnesium acetate (CMA) as a medium for the simultaneous control of NO_x and SO_x emissions has been investigated using a pulverized coal combustion rig operating at 80 kW. A US and a UK coal of significantly different sulphur contents were used as primary fuel and CMA was injected in solution form into the combustion gases by horizontally opposed twin-fluid atomisers at temperatures of 1100-1200 °C. SO₂ reductions typically greater than 80 and 70% were found for initial SO₂ levels of 1000 and 1500 ppm, respectively, at Ca/S ratios greater than 2.5. There did not appear to be significant limitation on sulphation by pore blockage using CMA due to the open structure formed during calcination and there is clear potential for zero SO₂ emissions at higher Ca/S ratios. The Ca content of the CMA in the form of CaO, via a droplet drying/particle calcination process, absorbs SO₂ by sulphation processes by penetration into the open pore structure of these particles. The effect of primary zone stoichiometry (λ₁=1.05, 1.15 and 1.4) on NO_x reduction was investigated for a range of CMA feed rates up to a coal equivalent of 24% of the total thermal input. NO_x reductions of 80, 50 and 30% were achieved at a primary zone stoichiometry of λ₁=1.05, 1.15 and 1.4, respectively, for a reburn zone residence time of 0.8 s. At lower equivalent reburn fuel fractions, coal gave greater NO_x reductions than CMA but similar levels were achieved above Rff=18%. The mechanism for NO_x reduction involves the organic fraction of CMA which pyrolyses into hydrocarbon fragments (CH_i), but to a lesser degree than coal, which may then react with NO_x in a manner similar to a conventional ‘reburn’ mechanism where NO_x is partly converted to N₂ depending on the availability of oxygen.     

FORMATION AND FLOW OF GAS BUBBLES IN A PRESSURIZED BUBBLE COLUMN WITH A SINGLE ORIFICE OR NOZZLE GAS DISTRIBUTOR

The characteristics of gas bubbles in a 5 cm diameter bubble column equipped with a single orifice of 1,3 or 5 mm diameter were investigated under system pressure of 0.1-15 MPa. The formation of gas bubbles was strongly affected by the system pressure. Under high pressures a dispersed gas jet was formed at gas velocities where spherical gas bubbles would have been formed at atmospheric pressure. The critical gas velocity between the bubbling regime and the jetting regime was correlated with the liquid phase Weber number and the gas phase Reynolds number based on the gas velocity at the orifice. Bubble size and gas holdup in the main part of the bubble column were also affected by the bubble formation pattern at the distributor     

Sulfur transformation during rapid hydropyrolysis of coal under high pressure by using a continuous free fall pyrolyzer☆

The behavior of sulfur transformation during rapid hydropyrolysis of coal was investigated using a pressurized, continuous free fall pyrolyzer under the conditions of temperature ranging from 923 to 1123 K and hydrogen pressure up to 5 MPa. The yields of sulfur converted to gas, tar and char were determined, together with the analyses of sulfur form distributions in coals and chars. The results showed that the decomposition of inorganic sulfur species was affected only by the temperature, while the increases in temperature and hydrogen pressure obviously enhanced the removal of organic sulfur from coal. The extent of organic sulfur removal was proportional to the coal conversion, depending on coal type. A significant retention of gaseous sulfur products by the organic matrix of the char was observed during hydropyrolysis of a Chinese coal above 1023 K, even under the pressurized hydrogen atmosphere. The kinetic analysis indicates that the rate of organic sulfur removal from coal was 0.2th-order with respect to the hydrogen pressure, and the activation energy for total sulfur removal and organic sulfur removal is 17-26 and 13-55 kJ/mol, respectively. The low activation energies suggest that the transformation and removal of sulfur from coal might be controlled by the diffusion and/or thermodynamic equilibrium during hydropyrolysis under the pressurized conditions.     

Numerical study of coal particle cluster combustion under quiescent conditions

Behavior of ignition and combustion of coal particle cluster under a quiescent condition was numerically simulated by solving balance equations of mass and enthalpy with combustion kinetic models of volatiles and char. Two-flame structure, one flame penetrating into the cluster and the other moving out of the cluster, was predicted during the combustion of coal particle cluster. Effects of radiative heat transfer, group number, ambient temperature, coal particle size, and oxygen concentration on ignition and combustion of coal particle clusters were also analyzed. Simulations indicated that the gas volume fraction of coal particle cluster increases with time after devolatilization. Gas velocity passing through the cluster surface varied significantly at volatile liberation. The ignition time delay was reduced with the increase of ambient temperature. The cluster devolatilization rate and char burning rate increased while the ignition time delay decreased with the increase of ambient oxygen concentration.     

煤矸石混合材对标准稠度影响的灰色关联分析

利用灰色关联分析的数学方法,对利用煤矸石作水泥混合材所产生的标准稠度用水量改变的影响,做了分析。论述了不同细度水泥条件下,煤矸石粒径分布范围对水泥需水量的影响。发现了在水泥较细时,在粒径范围<5 μm下的煤矸石颗粒,对标准稠度用水量影响最大;在水泥较粗时,粒径范围在5～10 μm下的煤矸石颗粒,对标准稠度用水量影响最大。