Differential Electrochemical Conductance Imaging at the Nanoscale

Electron transfer in proteins is essential in crucial biological processes. Although the fundamental aspects of biological electron transfer are well characterized, currently there are no experimental tools to determine the atomic‐scale electronic pathways in redox proteins, and thus to fully understand their outstanding efficiency and environmental adaptability. This knowledge is also required to design and optimize biomolecular electronic devices. In order to measure the local conductance of an electrode surface immersed in an electrolyte, this study builds upon the current–potential spectroscopic capacity of electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy, by adding an alternating current modulation technique. With this setup, spatially resolved, differential electrochemical conductance images under bipotentiostatic control are recorded. Differential electrochemical conductance imaging allows visualizing the reversible oxidation of an iron electrode in borate buffer and individual azurin proteins immobilized on atomically flat gold surfaces. In particular, this method reveals submolecular regions with high conductance within the protein. The direct observation of nanoscale conduction pathways in redox proteins and complexes enables important advances in biochemistry and bionanotechnology.     

Conductometric Study of Some Metal Halides in Glycerol + Water Mixtures

Electrolytic conductivities of potassium halides, KX (X = Cl⁻, Br⁻, I⁻) have been investigated in 10, 20, and 30 mass% glycerol + H₂O mixtures at 298.0, 308.0, and 318.0 K. The conductance data have been analyzed by the Fuoss-conductance–concentration equation in terms of the limiting molar conductance (Λ⁰), the association constant (K _A ), and the distance of closest approach of ion (R). The association constant (K _A ) tends to increase in the order: 10 mass% < 20 mass% < 30 mass% glycerol + water mixtures, while it decreases with temperature. Thermodynamic parameters ΔH ⁰, ΔG ⁰, and ΔS ⁰ are obtained and discussed. Also, Walden products (Λ⁰η) are reported. The results have been interpreted in terms of ion–solvent interactions and structural changes in the mixed solvents.     

全控桥整流励磁系统对发电机转子接地保护的影响

着重分析了以可控硅为主的整流励磁系统的发电机对基于导纳原理的转子接地保护的影响。并提出了改进方案。     

电缆截面积计算中如何确定电导系数

在煤炭企业电缆截面积选择计算当中，如何确定电导系数的大小，是一个不能忽视的问题。本文经过分析、计算、论证给出了较为合理、准确的结果，为供电设计中电缆截面积的选择计算提供了重要的依据     

浅析余热锅炉循环水加药处理

转炉烟道冷却壁经常开裂 ,据分析 ,开裂的主要原因为 :水质、水处理系统及其运行过程中在锅炉系统的内部产生点蚀及局部结垢后 ,部位具有较高的热阻 ,锅炉管外壁温度不均匀 ;同时 ,冷却壁急冷急热现象频繁 ,容易在冷却壁的最薄弱处产生裂纹。处理方式为在锅炉系统中增设加药计量泵 ,连续定量加入除氧缓蚀剂及阻垢剂 ,避免锅炉管内结垢及产生点蚀 ,进而避免了锅炉管外壁温度不均匀现象的产生 ,从根本上解决了烟道冷却壁经常开裂的问题     

应用自动分析仪测定天然橡胶标准胶NR中的氮含量

试验研究自动分析仪测定NR中氮含量，结果表明，自动分析仪测定NR中的氮含量，结果与凯氏法（国标方法）测定结果基本相同，两者无显著性差异，自动分析仪法测定氮含量缩短了消化时间，减少了人为因素的影响，具有自动化程度高，简便，快捷的优点。     

Time-dependent universal conductance fluctuations in IrO2 nanowires

Single-crystalline iridium dioxide nanowires show the time-dependent universal conductance fluctuations (TUCFs) at cryogenic temperatures. The conductance fluctuations persist up to temperature T as high as nearly 10 K. The root-mean-square TUCF magnitudes increase with decreasing T, reaching approximately 0.1 e² / h at 1.7 K. We ascribe these conductance fluctuations to originating from the conduction electrons scattering upon mobile defects (moving scattering centers). Our measured TUCF characteristics are satisfactorily explained in terms of the existing TUCF theory in its three-dimensional form. The extracted electron dephasing length L_φ(1.7 K) ≃90 nm is smaller than the diameter (≈ 180 nm) of our nanowires.     

Steady-state thermal heat conductivity in rotor of ball asynchronous motor

The problem of how to develop a mathematical model of the heat processes that take place in the rotor of a spherical asynchronous motor under the influence of internal heat sources is considered. An analytic model of the process is suggested that makes it possible to solve the problems of determination of the extreme thermal modes of a motor and is well suitable for the searching procedures of the construction optimization problems.     

Thermoeconomic considerations in the allocation of heat transfer inventory for irreversible refrigeration and heat pump systems

In this paper, thermoeconomic considerations are given to heat exchanger inventory allocation in irreversible refrigeration cycles and heat pumps with finite thermal capacitances. Investigation is made with respect to specified rate of cooling and heating for the refrigeration cycle and heat pump, respectively. Exact expressions are obtained without the use of an internal irreversibility parameter. The optimum hot-to cold-end unit cost ratio resulted in unequal division of heat exchanger conductances for the heat pump in contrast to the endoreversible case where they were the same. At a constant evaporator to condenser fluid temperature ratio, the COP of both refrigeration and heat pump systems was found to vary in an almost asymptotic manner in contrast to the endoreversible case where it was constant. In conclusion, it is best to measure the effect of internal dissipation by deriving exact mathematical expressions as the effect on some performance parameters could be lost due to the averaging effect of the internal irreversibility parameter.