合成气制二甲醚三相淤浆床反应器气含率

引　言二甲醚是近年来国内外竞相开发、性能优越的碳一化工产品 .二甲醚不仅是从合成气制汽油、低碳烯烃的重要中间体 ,而且也是多种化工产品的重要原料 .同时由于二甲醚具有优良的燃烧性能和高的辛烷值 ,作为柴油的替代品日益引起人们的普遍关注 .随着对环境和生态平衡保护力度的加大 ,二甲醚的作用和地位将越来越重要 .与传统的采用固定床反应器以甲醇为原料脱水生成二甲醚的生产工艺相比 ,以煤或天然气为原料 ,通过合成气在三相淤浆床反应器中一步法合成二甲醚新工艺具有巨大的优越性 .三相淤浆床反应器流体力学性质十分复杂 ,目前还不能…     

非流态化气固流通过斜管与孔口的动力学

应用散料力学与多相流理论研究非流态化气体-颗粒两相流通过垂直与倾斜管道及孔口的动力学,建立了动力学方程,用以预测各种条件下的颗粒物料通过孔口的流率.方程的计算结果与各种条件下取得的大量实验数据相吻合,从而使颗粒物料通过孔口流率的计算由经验关联逐步上升为理论预测.     

压阻式矢量水听器声敏感结构的阻尼设计分析

用声学、流体力学理论,结合振动学的理论分析声敏感结构的阻尼特性,找出设计应遵循的一些基本原则。通过声学分析,得出了系统的阻尼与质量振动体的质点振速、阻尼介质参数、质量块的表面积和振动频率有关。对于相同的质量块结构,由于表面积相同,则在空气中的声辐射阻小于在液体中的辐射阻,可以得出质量块在空气中的阻尼系数小于在液体中的阻尼系数的结论,并有声系统中辐射阻的作用与拾振系统中阻尼的作用可以等效的结论。对于一维平动、一维非平动、二维有限平板情况,阻尼系数的表达式具有基本相同的形式,阻尼系数与结构参数有关,与板间距h三次方成反比,与材料的粘滞系数成正比。     

优化内螺纹管在低质量流速直流锅炉设计中的应用

为解决传统UP炉存在的水冷壁热敏感性强、调峰能力受限制、锅炉运行安全性差等问题，姚孟发电有限责任公司1号锅炉水冷壁改造采用低质量流速设计，使用优化内螺纹管作传热元件，使运行中的水冷壁具有很适的正流量响应能力。这种特性使垂直管水冷壁具有很好的抗热偏差能力，全负荷范围内水动力稳定，并满足机组滑压运行要求。这种低质量流速设计开创了直流锅炉水动力设计的新理念，也为国产UP炉改造提供了新思路。     

Modelling of Bird Strike on an Aircraft Wing Leading Edge Made from Fibre Metal Laminates – Part 2: Modelling of Impact with SPH Bird Model

Fibre Metal Laminates with layers of aluminium alloy and high strength glass fibre composite have been reported to possess excellent impact properties and be suitable for aircraft parts likely to be subjected to impacts such as runway debris or bird strikes. In a collaborative research project, aircraft wing leading edge structures with a glass-based FML skin have been designed, built, and subjected to bird strike tests that have been modelled with finite element analysis. In this second part of a two-part paper, a finite element model is developed for simulating the bird strike tests, using Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) for modelling the bird and the material model developed in Part 1 of the paper for modelling the leading edge skin. The bird parameters are obtained from a system identification analysis of strikes on flat plates. Pre-test simulations correctly predicted that the bird did not penetrate the leading edge skin, and correctly forecast that one FML lay-up would deform more than the other. Post test simulations included a model of the structure supporting the test article, and the predicted loads transferred to the supporting structure were in good agreement with the experimental values. The SPH bird model showed no signs of instability and correctly modelled the break-up of the bird into particles. The rivets connecting the skin to the ribs were found to have a profound effect on the performance of the structure.     

中厚板管层流淬火控冷系统水动力学模型

利用水动力学伯努利方程和连续性方程，推导了中厚板管层流淬火与控冷系统水力学性能和结构参数之间关系式。结构参数有水箱高度、管道内径和长度、阻尼孔径和孔数、喷管直径和个数等；性能参数有系统最大流量与最小流量、射流冲击力、射流冲击区直径、射流密实高度、射流不断流长度等。增大集管阻尼和提高水箱高度，是提高喷水均匀性的有效方法。     

辐射流体力学与中子输运并行数值模拟中的联接算法

复杂物理现象通常由多类复杂的物理过程紧耦合构成,其数值模拟也通常由适用不同物理过程的多类并行应用程序紧耦合完成。如何设计这些物理过程之间的联接算法,既要保证程序之间数据传递的高效,又要保证程序各自运行和总体模拟的高效,还要保证程序各自开发的独立,是一个值得研究的课题。文章基于广泛应用于高温高压物理研究中的辐射流体力学和中子输运多物理并行数值模拟,在非结构网格上,提出了两种联接算法:完全松散联接算法和两层紧耦合联接算法。前者侧重于实现程序各自运行的高效和开发的独立,后者在前者的基础上,还权衡了数据传递和总体模拟的高效。在两台并行机的数百个处理机上,通信复杂度分析和数值实验结果表明,两种算法均是有效的,可推广应用到其他多物理并行数值模拟。特别是,两层紧耦合联接算法是高效可扩展的,取得了近似最优的并行性能。     

Self-swarming robots that exploit hydrodynamical interaction

Although numerous swarm robotic systems have already been developed, they have exhibited limited adaptability. This was partly because the previous researchers designed the control schemes on the basis of informational interaction, without considering the physical effects of the environment. To tackle this problem, we employ an unconventional approach: we design a control scheme for swarm robots based on their physical interaction in a hydrodynamic field, inspired by biological swarming. Through simulations using a smoothed particle hydrodynamics method, we show that the proposed control scheme allows agents to form an ordered swarm in response to their environment.     

A robust weakly compressible SPH method and its comparison with an incompressible SPH

This paper presents a comparative study for the weakly compressible (WCSPH) and incompressible (ISPH) smoothed particle hydrodynamics methods by providing numerical solutions for fluid flows over an airfoil and a square obstacle. Improved WCSPH and ISPH techniques are used to solve these two bluff body flow problems. It is shown that both approaches can handle complex geometries using the multiple boundary tangents (MBT) method, and eliminate particle clustering‐induced instabilities with the implementation of a particle fracture repair procedure as well as the corrected SPH discretization scheme. WCSPH and ISPH simulation results are compared and validated with those of a finite element method (FEM). The quantitative comparisons of WCSPH, ISPH and FEM results in terms of Strouhal number for the square obstacle test case, and the pressure envelope, surface traction forces, and velocity gradients on the airfoil boundaries as well as the lift and drag values for the airfoil geometry indicate that the WCSPH method with the suggested implementation produces numerical results as accurate and reliable as those of the ISPH and FEM methods. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Multiscale mixing analysis and modeling of biohydrogen production by dark fermentation

Hydrogen production by dark fermentation (DF) from wastewater, food waste, and agro-industrial waste combines the advantages to be renewable, sustainable and environmentally friendly. But this attractive process involves a three-phase gas-liquid-solid system highly sensitive to mixing conditions. However, mixing is usually disregarded in the conventional strategies for enhancing biohydrogen productivity, even though H₂ production can be doubled, e.g. versus of reactor design (0.6–1.5 mol H₂/mol hexose). The objective of this review paper is, therefore, to highlight the key effects of mixing on biohydrogen production among the abiotic parameters of DF. First, the pros and cons of the different modes of mixing in anaerobic digesters are described. Then, the influence of mixing on DF is discussed using recent data from the literature and theoretical analysis, focusing on the multiphase and multiscale aspects of DF. The methods and tools available to quantify experimentally the role of mixing both at the local and global scales are summarized. The 0-D to 3-D strategies able to implement mixing in fermentation modeling and scale-up procedures are examined. Finally, the perspectives in terms of process intensification and scale-up tools using mixing optimization are discussed with the issues that are still to be solved.