镁渣膨胀性机理试验研究

通过镁渣形成过程、组成、粉化、颗粒分析和安定性试验,研究了镁渣产生体积膨胀性和膨胀滞后性的机理,提出了减轻或消除其膨胀性和膨胀滞后性危害的方法和措施,为镁渣在建筑、交通、水利等工程领域中的应用提供理论依据和指导。     

Trickle Flow Multiplicity: The Influence of the Prewetting Procedure on Flow Hysteresis

The existence of multiple hydrodynamic studies (MHS) in trickle flow is a well-known phenomenon. It is also known that different prewetting procedures result in major differences in MHS when the hydrodynamic variables pressure drop, liquid holdup and gas–liquid mass transfer are considered. Given a certain prewetting procedure one still has the option to perform flow hysteresis cycles to achieve an even wider variety of MHS. Although numerous studies have been performed on trickle flow hysteresis, none have attempted to decouple the hysteresis behaviour from the prewetting procedure followed. Accordingly there are numerous hysteresis possibilities that have not been investigated. In this work a single liquid and gas cycle were performed for four distinct prewetting procedures described here as a dry bed, a Levec type prewetted bed, Kan prewetted bed (achieved by increasing either the liquid or the gas flow rate until the pulsing flow regime is reached) and a Super prewetted bed. Pressure drop, liquid holdup and gas–liquid mass transfer are the hydrodynamic parameters studied to quantify the various MHS. It is shown that the shape and extent of the hysteresis cycle are strongly dependant on the prewetting procedure. In terms of flow structure, similar hysteresis trends on the Kan Liquid and Super prewetting modes indicate that these modes are hydrodynamically similar. The additional measurement of the hysteresis behaviour of gas–liquid mass transfer proofs that neither holdup nor pressure drop can be used as an indicator of the distribution uniformity.     

Longitudinal and temporal water temperature patterns in the Yangtze River and its influence on spawning of the Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis Gray 1835)

In this study, water temperature longitudinal and temporal patterns were investigated in four locations of the Yangtze River to identify their influence on spawning of the Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis Gray 1835). The results showed that, historically (1960–1980), the four locations, Pingshan (PS, 2,687 river kilometres [rkm]), Yichang (YC, 1,640 rkm), Chenglingji (CLJ, 1,265 rkm), and Hukou (HK, 805 rkm), all had similar average annual water temperatures (around 18.0 °C) but very different amplitudes: The upper two locations, PS (11.4–23.2 °C) and YC (9.1–25.9 °C), were relatively stable and had smaller amplitude than the lower two ones, CLJ (6.0–30.0 °C) and HK (5.9–30.8 °C). On the basis of the physiological effects for Chinese sturgeon, we defined three water temperature ranges: stressing (>23 °C), holding (23–20 °C), and spawning (20–16 °C). We found that the upper two locations with successful spawning of the Chinese sturgeon (PS and YC) had short or no stressing period but long holding and spawning periods. Currently (2013–2016), the impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir increases the time for water temperature decreasing to 20 °C at the current spawning ground (YC) in autumn, which increases the stressing and holding periods, and has significant negative impact on the spawning of Chinese sturgeon. Nonetheless, considering the very high stressing temperature and the short duration of the holding and spawning periods at CLJ and HK, we propose that YC is still the most suitable spawning location for the Chinese sturgeon.     

超磁致伸缩作动器的率相关Hammerstein模型与H∞鲁棒跟踪控制

利用Hammerstein模型对超磁致伸缩作动器（Giant magnetostrictive actuators,GMA）的率相关迟滞非线性进行建模,分别以改进的 Prandtl-Ishlinskii（Modified Prandtl-Ishlinskii）模型和外因输入自回归模型（Autoregressive model with exogenous input,ARX）代表Hammerstein模型中的静态非线性部分和线性动态部分,并给出了模型的辨识方法. 此模型能在1～100Hz频率范围内较好地描述GMA的率相关迟滞非线性. 提出了带有逆补偿器和H∞鲁棒控制器的二自由度跟踪控制策略,实时跟踪控制实验结果证明了所提策略的有效性.     

Na2S-SO2反应体系中H2S产生的过饱和态分析

向Na2S溶液中通入低浓度SO2气体以生成H2S，H2S从液相中逸出时，存在一突跃现象。本文根据这一现象，结合Y．T．Shah等提出的吸收－反应－解吸体系中过饱和态存在的条件，通过理论分析，得出在Na2S-SO2-H2S4反应体系中H2S解吸存在过饱和现象。     

压电作动器的动态迟滞建模与H∞鲁棒控制

压电作动器具有率相关动态迟滞非线性特性,给传统建模和控制技术提出了挑战.本文针对压电作动器,提出了一种基于Bouc-Wen的Hammerstein率相关迟滞非线性模型,其中Bouc-Wen模型和线性动态模块分别用于描述系统的静态迟滞非线性特性和率相关特性.同时,构造了一个基于Bouc-Wen模型的迟滞补偿器,将迟滞补偿器与被控对象串联使系统线性化;并建立了不确定性系统模型,提出了一种H∞鲁棒跟踪控制方案,可以实现给定频率范围内单频率和复合频率参考信号的良好跟踪.实验结果表明,所建动态模型具有良好的泛化能力,跟踪控制相对误差小于8%,证明了所提出方法的有效性.     

结合误差变换的Bouc-Wen迟滞非线性系统反步控制器设计

针对智能材料执行器中非平滑、多映射的迟滞非线性,采用Bouc-Wen模型描述迟滞,并提出了一种基于误差变换的反步控制器设计方案.首先利用Bouc-Wen模型中的变量特性,通过预设性能函数,将误差约束在预设范围内.然后通过误差变换,将一个对输出误差存在约束的跟踪问题转化为一个无约束的镇定问题.最后利用反步控制法设计迟滞系统的控制器,该控制方法保证期望的跟踪精度,并能将误差限定在设定范围内且满足预设性能,提高了系统的暂态和稳态性能.仿真结果表明设计方法的有效性.     

芳纶帘线在子午线轮胎中的应用

探讨新型原材料芳纶帘线在轿车及轻载车子午线轮胎中的应用问题，结合新型低滞后炭黑DZ-13在胎面胶中的应用试制了全纤维节能型子午线轮胎。全纤维节能型子午线轮胎完全能够达到国家标准，并且比普通子午线轮胎滚动阻力更低，更节油。     

Effect of Vortex Restructuring on Heat Transfer in an “Inverted” Flame

The papers deals with formation of vortex structures during combustion of a fuel gas–air mixture injected vertically down through a hole in a flat plate. It has been established that the shape, position, and number of vortex cells are determined by the flow rate and composition of the fuel mixture. It is shown that as the flow rate increases from the minimum critical value for which a vortex structure arises, the number of vortex cells decreases from five or six to one. A further increase in the gas flow rate leads to transition to turbulence of the combustion product flow. The presence of a vortex structure increases the critical Reynolds number at which the flow becomes turbulent. Reverse transition to the structure with an increased number of vortex cells occurs with a delay in the gas flow rate (gas discharge hysteresis). Variation in flow rate is accompanied by bifurcation of the number of vortex cells.     

Hysteretic Nonlinearity Observer Design Based on Kalman Filter for Piezo-actuated Flexible Beams with Control Applications

Piezoelectric actuators fundamentally possess hysteresis behavior. Estimation of the hysteresis is usually demanded for enhancing the performance of piezo-actuated systems. This paper presents an observer-based scheme to estimate the hysteresis in piezo—actuated flexible beams. The observer is based on a nonlinearity observer method. The discrete-time Kalman-filter algorithm is adopted for determination of the observer gains. The major advantages of the presented scheme include ease of implementation and robustness to uncertainty of hysteresis parameters. Simulation results demonstrate that the observer is able to estimate the hysteresis efficiently and has better robustness compared to the previous scheme existing in the literature. The present scheme was also successfully applied to a real-life system. Moreover, a control application example is included to demonstrate the effectiveness of the scheme.