高校校园草坪喷灌系统设计

针对目前高校的大面积新建校区及新校区内的大面积绿地,设计了一套利用湖水喷灌草坪绿地的系统,可以有效节约用水和人工,提高灌溉效果。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL CHANGES IN TOTAL SUSPENDED SEDIMENT CONCENTRATIONS IN AN OXBOW LAKE AFTER IMPLEMENTING AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

The Wolf–Broad oxbow lake (417 ha) was evaluated by the Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality and included on the Mississippi 303(d) list of impaired waterbodies for total suspended solids (TSS). A study was undertaken for 2 years to evaluate and document changes to TSS (mg L^?1) and overall lake turbidity (NTU) through best management practice implementation. These two objectives were analysed with routine monthly surface sampling events of turbidity (Eureka Manta 2, automated data sonde) as well as 20 random samples per sampling trip for TSS from June 2008 to June 2010. Results from a non‐parametric Kruskal–Wallis analysis indicated a significant month‐by‐year effect on turbidity and TSS (chi‐squared = 76.08, p = 0.001), but reach (chi‐squared = 2.45, p = 0.784) and depth by reach (chi‐squared = 2.44, p = 0.784) did not show significant effects on turbidity. There were no significant correlations between TSS concentrations and turbidity and 2 days and 7 days summed or mean rainfall for the duration of the evaluation. Spearman correlation analysis for TSS indicated significant correlations between TSS and mean two‐day (r² = 0.62, p = 0.002) and seven‐day (r² = 0.51, p = 0.014) wind speeds. All other variables used in the analysis did not show significant correlation with TSS ( p > 0.05). This suggests that wind conditions, rather than rainfall, predict the greatest variability in TSS and turbidity in Wolf Lake. These documented correlations between lake water column TSS, turbidity and wind highlight the difficulties of demonstrating success of management practices in the short temporal period between project initiation and completion. Unmanageable environmental conditions (wind speed and direction) and limited temporal monitoring scales (1 1/2 years post‐BMP implementation) limit the possibility of demonstrating successful water‐quality improvement within a 303(d) listed waterbody such as Wolf Lake. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

西北侏罗系煤成油研究中的煤田地质学方法

运用煤田地质学方法分析、研究了西北侏罗系盆地的煤沼沉积环境演化类型(以下简称煤沼演化类型),划分出:①没有发育湖相建造;②含煤建造上覆缺失湖相建造;③具有完整湖平面变化旋四层序的三种煤沼演化类型;研究了西北侏罗系含煤盆地,尤其是第二和第三煤沼演化类型的煤显微组分组成和烃源岩的成熟度特征.根据西北侏罗系含煤盆地煤成油田形成和分布规律,依据煤沼演化类型、盆地沉积构造背景、有机岩组成特征等条件,提出了天山及其以北和塔里木周缘和祁连山两侧山前的前陆盆地等同沉积构造活动性较强的盆地是西北侏罗系煤成油勘探的有利区域,发育第一和第二煤沼演化类型的盆地及其伊犁和三塘湖盆地没有找到煤成油田的可能的看法.     

松辽盆地南部泉头组四段—姚家组西部坡折带的成因及演化

大型坳陷湖盆中存在与海相盆地中陆坡相似的坡折带。根据对地质、地球物理资料等的综合研究，松辽盆地南部的泉头组四段-姚家组发育两级西部坡折带（套堡-双岗高位坡折带和红岗-海坨子低位坡折带），同一坡折带在不同的发育时期有着不同的主控因素。早期两级坡折带都受到基底断裂的影响，后期发育过程中，套堡-双岗高位坡折带的主控因素是物源的方向和侵蚀力，红岗-海坨子低位坡折带后期发育主要受沉积物的供应和差异压实作用的影响。坡折带形成的主控因素不同，则坡折的规模、延伸性以及坡度均存在一定的差异。     

鄱阳湖水文特性分析

The Poyang lake is currently the largest freshwater lake in China. Hydrologic properties of this lake, including precipitation, runoff, flood, sediment transport and so on have been analyzed on basis of large amount of measurements. Variation of these properties within a year and among years and the regional distribution are explored. The encounter probability of the outflow from Poyang Lake with that from Changjiang River is computed and the detention volume of Poyang Lake is analyzed. In accordance with water balance theory, the detention storage volume of Poyang Lake and Changjiang River corresponding to the annual maximum 60-day flood volumes in 9 typical heavy flood years of 1968, 1969, 1973, 1980, 1983, 1996 and 1998 have been calculated. The detention storage capacity of both the Lake and the River ranges from 5.6 billion to 16.5 billion m\+3, 11.5 billion m\+3 at average. Among which, the detention storage capacity of Poyang Lake is 9.5 billion m\+3, accounting for 82.6%. Poyang Lake has played a very important role in detaining floods from the five rivers of the Lake system as well as floods on the river section from Changjiang to Bali. There would have more frequent and more serious flooding on the middle and lower Changjiang River, especially in the region around Hukou if there were no Poyang Lake to detain and store the floodwater.     

Distinguishing Wild vs. Stocked Lake Trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in Lake Ontario: Evidence from Carbon and Oxygen Stable Isotope Values of Otoliths

We investigated the potential for using carbon and oxygen isotope values of otolith carbonate as a method to distinguish naturally produced (wild) lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) from hatchery-reared lake trout in Lake Ontario. We determined δ ¹³C_(CaCO3) and δ ¹⁸O_(CaCO3) values of otoliths from juvenile fish taken from two hatcheries, and of otoliths from wild yearlings. Clear differences in isotope values were observed between the three groups. Subsequently we examined otoliths from large marked and unmarked fish captured in the lake, determining isotope values for regions of the otolith corresponding to the first year of life. Marked (i.e., stocked) fish showed isotope ratios similar to one of the hatchery groups, whereas unmarked fish, (wild fish or stocked fish that lost the mark) showed isotope ratios similar either to one of the hatchery groups or to the wild group. We interpret these data to suggest that carbon and oxygen isotope values can be used to determine the origin of lake trout in Lake Ontario, if a catalogue of characteristic isotope values from all candidate years and hatcheries is compiled.     

INFLUENCE OF SEEPAGE FACE OBLIQUITY ON DISCHARGE OF GROUNDWATER AND ITS POLLUTANT INTO LAKE FROM A TYPICAL UNCONFINED AQUIFER

Lab experiment and mathematical simulation Modular three dimensional finite difference groundwater (MODFLOW) were performed in a soil tank to simulate the hydrogeochemical interaction between lake and typical unconfined aquifer. Results show that the velocity decreases exponentially with the transect distance on seepage face. The maximal velocity occurs at the top point of seepage face. The obliquity of seepage face has a great influence on the maximum and distribution of seepage velocity. With the increase of the obliquity of seepage face, the maximal velocity decreases quickly and the velocity distribution becomes much more even. Most of groundwater flow and pollutant flux discharges through a narrow portion near the top of seepage face. The flow and mass concentrated in the narrow portion increase with the decrease of the obliquity of seepage face. These will benefit to design a reasonable and economical scenario to manage lakeshore and to control the pollution of lake water near lakeshore.     

普通混凝土在盐湖环境中的抗卤水冻蚀性与破坏机理研究

采用快冻法测定了普通混凝土在新疆、青海、内蒙古和西藏盐湖卤水环境中的抗卤水冻蚀性,提出了混凝土在盐湖卤水的物理化学腐蚀和冻融循环双重因素作用下的冻融破坏机理,定量研究了混凝土的冻融损伤叠加效应与交互作用。结果表明,普通混凝土在不同冻融介质中的耐久性顺序是:青海盐湖卤水>新疆盐湖卤水>水>西藏盐湖卤水>内蒙古盐湖卤水;其冻融破坏特征是盐结晶压导致混凝土膨胀开裂。盐湖卤水对于混凝土冻融的损伤效应,既有降低冰点、缓解冻融的损伤正效应,也有促进盐类结晶、导致混凝土膨胀开裂的损伤负效应,两者之间的大小决定了混凝土在盐湖卤水中冻融时的损伤规律。     

艾丁湖天然无水芒硝形成机理的研究

文章对艾丁湖天然无水芒硝的分布、特征、形成机理进行了研究 ,得出天然无水芒硝的成因 ,为利用太阳能技术生产无水芒硝提供理论依据。     

鄱阳湖控制工程对自然保护区生态环境的影响

鄱阳湖是长江流域的一大淡水湖泊，其水旱灾害相当频繁，长期以来，国家和地方政府十分重视鄱阳湖洪涝灾害的治理研究工作，逐步形成了以鄱阳湖控制工程为代表的治理方案，该控制工程实施后，其水位将常年维持在16．0－18．0m之间，这将直接淹没16．0m以下的然状态下随着枯洪季节在而变化形成的的草滩、沼泽和浅水洼地等独特湿地自然景观，其自然环境将发生变化，使湖泊水域增大，洲滩，湿地大面积减少，从而对国家级鄱阳湖候鸟自然保护区生态环境带来严重不利影响。