Hydrodynamic effects of reconnecting lake group with Yangtze River in China

The hydrodynamic effects of reconnecting a lake group with the Yangtze River were simulated using a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model. The model was calibrated and validated using the measured water temperature and total phosphorous. The circulation patterns, water temperature, and water exchange conditions between sub-lakes were simulated under two conditions: (1) the present condition, in which the lake group is isolated from the Yangtze River; and (2) the future condition, with a proposed improvement ...     

SODA: A new method of in-scene atmospheric water vapor estimation and post-flight spectral recalibration for hyperspectral sensors: Application to the HyMap sensor at two locations

A new method of estimating per-pixel atmospheric column water vapor (ACWV) and potential differences in the reported band center wavelengths of the HyMap sensor has been developed. The new method uses variations of a second order derivative algorithm (SODA) to assess the impact of atmospheric residual features on calculated surface reflectance spectra after atmospheric compensation. The SODA method provides an alternative to the current band ratio techniques of ACWV estimation and also allows the same form of algorithm to be used for the estimation of possible band shifts. A comparison of in-situ measured surface reflectance at two field sites in Western Australia demonstrates improvement in the resulting spectra when post-flight updates are made to the reported HyMap band center wavelengths and applied during the atmospheric compensation process. The same SODA methodology was varied to estimate the ACWV on a per-pixel basis and found to significantly reduce the appearance of the underlying surface structure on the resulting ACWV images as well as improve the overall accuracy of the estimation. The ACWV estimated from the HyMap imagery at the two field sites was found to agree with in-situ atmospheric ACWV measurements to within 2% and represented a two fold increase in accuracy over a 3 band ratio Continuum Interpolated Band Ratio (CIBR) technique of ACWV estimation.     

Water property monitoring and assessment for China's inland Lake Taihu from MODIS-Aqua measurements

We provide results of quantitative measurements and characterization for inland freshwater Lake Taihu from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on the satellite Aqua. China's Lake Taihu, which is located in the Yangtze River delta in one of the world's most urbanized and heavily populated areas, contains consistently highly turbid waters in addition to frequent large seasonal algae blooms in various lake regions. Thus, satellite data processing requires use of the shortwave infrared (SWIR) atmospheric correction algorithm. Specifically for Lake Taihu, an iterative SWIR-based atmospheric correction algorithm has been developed and proven to provide reasonably accurate water-leaving radiance spectra data. Using MODIS-Aqua measurements, the blue-green algae bloom in Lake Taihu in 2007 has been studied in detail, demonstrating the importance and usefulness of satellite water color remote sensing for effectively monitoring and managing a bloom event.Seasonal and interannual variability, as well as spatial distributions, of lake water properties were studied and assessed using the MODIS-Aqua measurements from 2002 to 2008. Results show that overall waters in Lake Taihu are consistently highly turbid all year round, with the winter and summer as the most and least turbid seasons in the lake, respectively. Extremely turbid waters in the winter are primarily attributed to strong winter winds that lead to significant amounts of total suspended sediment (TSS) in the water column. In addition, MODIS-Aqua-measured water-leaving radiance at the blue band is consistently low in various bay regions in Lake Taihu, indicating high algae concentration in these regions. Climatological water property maps, including normalized water-leaving radiance spectra nL_w(λ), chlorophyll-a concentration, and water diffuse attenuation coefficient at the wavelength of 490 nm (K_d(490)), are derived from all MODIS-Aqua data from 2002 to 2008 for Lake Taihu, showing overall spatial distribution features for the lake water property.     

Anthropogenic and climatic influences over the past three centuries on characteristics of an Adirondack lake,Eastern North America

Fourth Lake is a drainage lake at 43°N, 74°W, from which a 37‐cm long mud‐water interface core was recovered. ²¹⁰Pb dating indicates the core spans ≈340 years, from the Little Ice Age through modern global warming. Diatom accumulation responds to anthropogenic watershed disturbances, declining slightly up‐core until a peak in the late‐1800s attributable to sediment and nutrient influx from logging and enlargement of the outlet dam. A dramatic decrease occurs ≈1900 as logging and lake filling ceased, and a smaller peak ≈1960 accompanies residential development. Similar changes occur in organic carbon accumulation, which ranges from 0.0038–0.024 mg cm^?2 year^?1, with generally decreasing values up‐core, punctuated by maximum values in the late‐1800s. Expressing diatoms as concentration, however, reveals a doubling up‐core that positively correlates with changes extending beyond the watershed, including Northern Hemisphere temperature, atmospheric CO₂ concentration and solar irradiance (R = 0.627, 0.675 and 0.400, respectively). A >50% increase in % organic carbon, from 3.8% to 5.9%, also positively correlates with these larger‐scale environmental conditions (R = 0.828, 0.830 and 0.832), while negative correlations with the extrabasinal records are exhibited by magnetic susceptibility (R = ?0.654, ?0.496, and ?0.660) and clay (R = ?0.770, ?0.762, and ?0.737). These changes are consistent with decreased sediment influx and reduced dilution of biogenous sedimentary components. In contrast to total diatoms, the accumulation of planktonic genus Asterionella displays a long‐term increase up‐core. Potential explanations include increasing duration of the ice‐free season or a shift in the timing of the spring bloom and a mismatch with abundance of predator(s). Asterionella also increases as a percentage of total diatoms, being positively correlated with extrabasinal conditions (R = 0.827, 0.774 and 0.674). This change occurs at the expense of many benthic genera and, over the past century, at the expense of tychoplanktonic genus, Aulacosiera. Heavily silicified, Aulacosiera requires strong mixing to remain within the epilimnion. Thus, its decline might result from increasing stratification caused by warming.     

基于指标权重的湖库营养状态识别

针对湖库营养状态识别未考虑指标权重及营养状态分级较少的不足,基于熵值法与概率神经网络（PNN）基本原理,提出熵值PNN湖库营养状态识别模型,以全国24个湖库营养状态识别为例进行分析。利用熵值法确定识别指标权重,依据我国湖库富营养化评价标准,将湖库营养状态划分为极贫营养一极重度富营养11个等级,提出基于改进的湖库营养状态识别等级标准,在等级标准域值间采用随机内插的方法生成样本对PNN模型进行训练和检验,利用正确识别率和运行时间对PNN模型性能进行评价。最后,基于两种方案对全国24个湖库营养状态进行识别。结果表明：@PNN模型对于随机生成的训练样本和检验样本的正确识别率分别达到98．9％、98．6％（5次平均）,模型用于湖库营养状态识别是合理可行的。②湖库识别结果存在差异。比较而言,基于指标权重考虑的识别结果更能科学、客观地反映湖库营养状态。     

江苏太湖流域降雨径流年际变化分析

以江苏太湖流域（1956—2012）降雨为基础,分析江苏太湖流域径流及时空变化特征,研究该流域降雨径流的年际年内变化及两者的变化关系。结果表明：降雨径流都呈增长趋势。降雨平均每10年增加29mm,径流平均每10年增加26mm;降雨在年内季节分配上,夏季、冬季呈加大趋势,春季、秋季呈减小趋势;加大的降水年内分配的不均导致径流在年内分配的更加不均匀,径流集中在汛期,汛期径流量约达年径流量的84．8％,加大了某季节内的洪水、干旱风险。     

白洋淀气候变化及对生态系统的影响

根据1955年-2010年白洋淀地区气象数据及生态资料,研究了气候变化对白洋淀湿地生态系统的影响,以期为白洋淀湿地保护和可持续发展提供依据。结果表明:近56年来,白洋淀地区的气温总体呈现上升趋势,且在2007年达到最高值,而降水量、平均风速和日照时数均呈现下降趋势,其中1996年以后的降水量均低于56年的平均降水量。白洋淀地区降水量和年最高水位呈明显的正相关关系,平均气温和水域面积的变化趋势则相反。水位、水域面积的变化以及人类活动等因素影响了白洋淀水质和生物多样性以及不同土地利用类型的分配比例。     

浅水湖泊水生植被恢复判别模型研究与应用

基于水生植物生长影响因子特征,综合考虑光照、营养盐、悬浮物、水动力、温度及底质等因素,初步提出了野外条件下水生植物恢复判别函数;通过对野外环境主要生境因子的耦合数值仿真,首次建立了基于投影寻踪原理的水生植物恢复判别模型;以苦草做为恢复目标种,选择长江中下游地区典型浅水湖泊——高淳固城湖为例,对模型进行了应用,结果表明:固城湖现状生境条件下,可能恢复苦草的水域面积约3.25 km2,占湖泊总面积的10.5%,其中北部湖区与湖心区恢复面积较大,南部湖区也有局部水域适合苦草恢复重建,但面积较小,约0.65 km2.     

湖泊沉积物对17β雌二醇的降解效能

沿湖泊沉积物垂直高度取表层（SL,0～2cm）、中层（ML,14～16cm）、底层（BL,28～30cm）3层底泥微生物为对象,研究了湖泊沉积物对17β-雌二醇（17β-estradiol,E2）的生物降解效能。结果表明：无论在好氧还是厌氧条件下,E2及其副产物雌激素酮（estrone,E1）的降解行为与沉积物沉积深度和环境温度有密切关系：底泥沉积深度愈深,E2降解速率愈低;在微生物活性温度范围内,环境温度愈高,E2降解速率愈高。好氧条件下,湖泊沉积物中E2降解反应的k值为0.002～0.120h^-1·g^-1·L;厌氧条件下,k值为0.002～0.057h^-1·g^-1·L。由于诱导驯化及有机物竞争关系减小等原因,向反应体系中再次添加E2后,其k值增大约34%。湖泊沉积物中硝化细菌的存在对E2降解具有促进作用。     

Payments for watershed services: Directing incentives for improving lake basin governance

This study introduces the emerging integrated ecosystem management approach known as Payments for Watershed Services (PWS) as utilized for lake and reservoir basin governance. PWS is built on the central concept of providing economic incentives to watershed stakeholders to assist in management efforts. It channels conservation payments from downstream payers to finance conservation activities conducted by upstream payees. The upstream conservation activities are expected to enhance ecosystem functions, thereby improving water‐related ecosystem services desired by downstream stakeholders. Information on 163 PWS projects in 34 developing countries through the year 2008 was collected and analysed, including their common goals, processes, outcomes, scientific assumptions and socioeconomic rationales. This study recognized one unique PWS characteristic, namely the role of intermediary organizations (i.e. brokers) in integrating the economic incentives of upstream payees and downstream payers in order to facilitate their transactions by means of contracts. Although 75% of the reviewed PWS projects have focused on rivers, and only 10% have considered lakes and reservoirs, the similarity of the intermediary functions performed by lake management organizations and PWS intermediary organizations suggests a greater potential for the future application of PWS designs in lake basins. Drawing on components in the field of New Institutional Economics to interpret the intermediary function within the PWS framework, a three‐part PWS design with 15 steps is proposed in this study for lake basin governance, with a Costa Rican PWS scheme serving as an illustration. This study seeks to communicate the scientific and socioeconomic frontiers for developing locally suitable and integrated watershed governance structures to lake management organizations and other watershed stakeholder groups.