Reaction mechanism of trypsin-catalysed semisynthesis of human insulin studied by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry

The production of semisynthetic human insulin for therapeuticpurposes is of considerable importance. During trypsin-catalysedtransformation of pig insulin into an ester of insulin of humansequence, the alanyl residue at position B³⁰ is removed andreplaced with an esterified residue of threonine. We have carriedout this transformation in a medium enriched in ¹⁸OH₂ and studiedthe product by MS. In contrast to a previous report, we findthat incorporation of label into the B²⁹–B³⁰ peptide bondoccurs during the transformation with threonine methyl esterin aqueous N, N-dimethylacetamide. Quantitative data are presentedand the implications of these findings are discussed.     

氨噻肟酸乙酯的合成研究

以去甲氨噻肟酸乙酯(DMAT)为原料,对影响反应收率的反应温度、物料配比、相转移催化剂及其用量、甲基化试剂、反应时间等因素进行了研究。最佳反应条件为:反应温度20℃,NaOH为碱性试剂,DMAT∶NaOH∶(CH3O)2SO3为1∶1.2∶1.2,四丁基碘化铵作相转移催化剂,用量为底物摩尔数的7%,硫酸二甲酯为甲基化试剂,乙醇和四氢呋喃为溶剂,反应时间约为4 h,总收率为79%。     

氨噻肟酸乙酯的合成研究

以去甲氨噻肟酸乙酯（DMAT）为原料,对影响反应收率的反应温度、物料配比、相转移催化剂及其用量、甲基化试剂、反应时间等因素进行了研究。最佳反应条件为：反应温度20℃,NaOH为碱性试剂,DMAT：NaOH：（CH2O）2SO3为1：1．2：1．2,四丁基碘化铵作相转移催化剂,用量为底物摩尔数的7％,硫酸二甲酯为甲基化试剂,乙醇和四氢呋哺为溶剂,反应时间约为4h,总收率为79％。     

半合成头孢菌素化学

综述了头孢菌素发展史,头孢菌素药物结构和抗菌活性关系,半合成头孢菌素方法以及结构鉴定的谱学研究。     

Split Inteins: Nature’s Protein Ligases

Split inteins carry out a naturally occurring process known as protein trans-splicing, where two protein fragments bind to form a catalytically competent enzyme, then catalyze their own excision and the ligation of their flanking sequences. In the past thirteen years since their discovery, chemists and biologists have utilized split inteins in exogenous contexts for a number of biotechnological applications centered around the formation of native peptide bonds. While many protein trans-splicing technologies have emerged and flourished in recent years, several factors still limit their wide-spread practical use. Here, we discuss the development, applications, and limitations of split intein-based technologies and propose that further advancement in this field will require a more fundamental understanding of split intein structure and function.     

Enzymatic semisynthesis of insulin specifically labelled with tritium at position B-30

We have synthesized porcine insulin labelled with tritium atposition B-30 using enzyme-catalysed formation of a peptidebond. The resulting insulin derivative has the label in theexpected position and is biologically active. We have testedour procedure to prepare batches up to 50µCi of tritiatedinsulin at a specific radioactivity of up to 1.14 Ci/mmol.     

Tunable photoactivation of a post-translationally modified signaling protein and its unmodified counterpart in live cells

An ideal technology for direct imaging of post-translationally modified proteins would be one in which the appearance of a fluorescent signal is linked to a modification dependent protein-activation event. Herein, we utilize the protein semisynthesis technique, expressed protein ligation (EPL), to prepare caged analogues of the signaling protein Smad2; the function and fluorescence of the analogues were then photocontrolled in a correlated fashion. We show that this strategy permits titration of the cellular levels of active phosphorylated Smad2 in its biologically relevant, full-length form. We also prepared a nonphosphorylated, caged full-length Smad2 analogue labeled with an orthogonal fluorophore, and simultaneously imaged the phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated forms of the protein in the same cell. This strategy should enable the dissection of the cellular consequences of post-translational modifications (PTMs) by direct comparison of the behavior of the modified and unmodified forms of the protein following uncaging.     

头孢菌素合成方法进展

综述了头孢菌素的各种合成方法 ,它涉及半合成、全合成、由青霉素转化 ,以及工业合成。