尿素装置蒸汽消耗控制探讨

大型尿素生产装置中,所用蒸汽除满足工艺换热要求外,还用于驱动二氧化碳压缩机汽轮机,蒸汽用量较大,对尿素成本的影响不容小觑。本文以二氧化碳汽提法尿素装置为例,探讨控制蒸汽消耗的措施。     

供热用汽水换热器运行故障分析与处理措施

针对传统汽水换热器所出现的换热管与管板焊接接头泄漏问题,从换热器结构入手,通过改变饱和蒸汽的流动方式,增设防止蒸汽冲刷换热管接头的外导流筒,以及增加膨胀节,防止高温蒸汽对接头的直接冲刷,有效地降低换热管与管板焊接接头的拉脱力及应力水平,获得良好的使用效果。     

透平机运行研究

针对金牛钾碱分公司透平机在运行中出现的问题,分析了问题的原因,提出了问题的处理方法和预防措施,为透平机的安全、平稳、高效运行打下了坚实的基础。     

蒸汽递减在造气的成功运用

介绍该厂间歇式固定床制气采用蒸汽递减技术的情况,并比较了采用蒸汽递减前后蒸汽消耗、煤气组成、氨产量、操作参数等指标。     

大型化工厂高压蒸汽减温减压联锁改造

阐述了调解大型化工厂高压蒸汽与中压过热蒸汽的稳定对于化工企业的重要性。修改设计存在的蒸汽调解及联锁逻辑弊端,为蒸汽动力的平稳输送奠定了基础,保证了化工企业的生产连续性,提高了经济效益。     

吹风气潜热回收系统检修及工艺调整经验总结

分析吹风气潜热回收锅炉副产蒸汽产量下降的原因。利用大修机会,采取清除燃烧炉、烟道、静电除尘等系统积灰,更换对流管,检修后调整工艺指标等措施,降低系统阻力,提高锅炉产汽量。     

505数字式调速器在原料气压缩机组控制中的应用

简要介绍了505数字式调速器的模块功能,对现场汽轮机启动过程、升速过程、调速过程以及负荷控制、停车保护控制等进行了分析。经不断开发和完善,505数字式调速器已实现平稳运行,在化肥行业原料气压缩机组的控制中发挥了重要作用。     

A new method to improve the stability,tensile strength,and heat resistant properties of shape‐memory epoxy resins: Two‐stages curing

In this article, we design a new thermal curing method: two‐stage curing. The purpose of using this approach is to maintain the excellent shape‐memory property of epoxy resin system after first stage curing, and the material can be folded in small size to storage or transportation and recovery its original shape commodiously by heating temperature. Then, after second stage curing, the stability, glass transition temperature(T_g), and tensile strength of material can be improved effectively. For this aim, a series of mixtures have been prepared. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), tensile test, scanning electron microscope (SEM), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and fold‐deploy shape‐memory test have been used to characterize the feasibility of two‐stage curing process, curing degree, tensile strength, morphology, thermodynamic properties, and shape‐memory performance of these polymers. DSC results show that two independent curing stages can be achieved successfully. Tensile tests and DMA results suggest that tensile strength and heat resistance have been improved after the second curing stage. SEM results reveal that the addition of latent curing agent do not change the fracture mechanism. Furthermore, the fold‐deploy shape‐memory tests prove that the composites after first stage curing possess eximious shape‐memory property. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 39882.     

Steam reforming of ethanol over skeletal Ni‐based catalysts: A temperature programmed desorption and kinetic study

An investigation on reaction scheme and kinetics for ethanol steam reforming on skeletal nickel catalysts is described. Catalytic activity of skeletal nickel catalyst for low‐temperature steam reforming has been studied in detail, and the reasons for its high reactivity for H₂ production are attained by probe reactions. Higher activity of water gas shift reaction and methanation contributes to the low CO selectivity. Cu and Pt addition can promote WGSR and suppress methanation, and, thus, improve H₂ production. A reaction scheme on skeletal nickel catalyst has been proposed through temperature programmed reaction spectroscopy experiments. An Eley‐Rideal model is put forward for kinetic studies, which contains three surface reactions: ethanol decomposition, water gas shift reaction, and methane steam reforming reaction. The kinetics was studied at 300–400°C using a randomized algorithms method and a least‐squares method to solve the differential equations and fit the experimental data; the goodness of fit obtained with this model is above 0.95. The activation energies for the ethanol decomposition, methane steam reforming, and water gas shift reaction are 187.7 kJ/mol, 138.5 kJ/mol and 52.8 kJ/mol, respectively. Thus, ethanol decomposition was determined to be the rate determining reaction of ethanol steam reforming on skeletal nickel catalysts. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J 60: 635–644, 2014     

尼龙66聚合反应器排汽回收利用技术改造

介绍了尼龙66连续聚合纺丝生产工艺路线,改造前反应器排放大量的过热蒸汽直接进入大气,造成能源浪费和环境污染。通过技术改造,新增饱和蒸汽塔、过滤器等废汽回收利用装置,根据高压蒸汽减温减压装置原理,将反应器排放的1.85 MPa,245℃过热蒸汽在饱和塔内进行喷淋,经过滤器除杂转换为0.8~1.0 MPa饱和蒸汽,作为浓缩槽热源;浓缩槽排放蒸汽的余热改造后作为第三温水系统和冬季取暖的热源,排汽余热得到充分利用。运行过程中,通过稳定控制反应器压力、保持反应器排汽阀的喷淋水流量和压力稳定等工艺条件,定期清理疏水阀等,可有效预防管路和设备堵塞。改造后,装置运行稳定,能耗降低,尼龙66聚合物相对黏度的均匀性和原丝一等品率均有所提高。