A new class of corrosion inhibitors for waterborne coatings: 4-methyl-γ-oxo-benzene-butanoic acid complexes

Amine and transition metal based complexes with 4-methyl-γ-oxo-benzene-butanoic acid represent a new class of corrosion inhibitors specifically designed for long-term corrosion protection in waterborne coatings. Today, corrosion protection in waterborne technology is typically achieved using traditional anticorrosive pigments initially developed for use in solventborne coatings. Regulations concerning heavy metals and limitations regarding the compatibility and performance of such materials in waterborne coatings have created a need for novel approaches. Mechanistic aspects are discussed for the 4-methyl-γ-oxo-benzene-butanoic complexes based on electrochemical solution experiments (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV)) and investigations performed on coated substrates. Exposure results underline the high efficiency of such complexes for both long-term corrosion protection and weld seam rust control in waterborne coatings.     

二聚炔醇酸性介质缓蚀剂的合成与应用

对二聚炔醇化合物ＤＭＨ的合成、分子结构及缓蚀作用机理进行了论述。因ＤＭＨ化合物具有独特的分子结构，形成了稳定的络合体系及基团的屏蔽效应，增加了缓蚀被膜厚度及缓蚀体系的化学稳定性，实验证实ＤＭＨ是酸性介质中的高效缓蚀剂。     

Laboratory study of soil acidification and leaching of nutrients from a soil amended with various surface-incorporated acidifying agents

Granular S, finely-ground S, iron sulphate and aluminium sulphate were added at two rates to the surface (0–6 cm) of a soil and acidification and leaching of nutrients were measured over 12 months in a laboratory study. Iron and aluminium sulphate both rapidly lowered soil pH in the top 0–6 cm of the soil. There was little difference in soil pH after 3 and 12 months reaction of these two amendments. In contrast, for granular S and finely-ground S there were clear decreases in soil pH between 3 and 12 months reaction with the soil. Finely-ground S was oxidized in the soil faster than granular S and therefore had a more acidifying effect. The top 0–6 cm of the soil was acidified by all the agents used but the deeper soil was less affected. The only treatments which lowered the pH of the 12–18 cm layer below pH 6 were the high rates of iron and aluminium sulphate. Soil acidification resulted in a decrease in exchangeable Ca, Mg and K, an increase in exchangeable Al and a decrease in effective CEC in the acidified soil layers.At both levels of addition, total ionic strength of percolates from the soil followed the order: aluminium sulphate = iron sulphate > finely gound S > granular S > control and was higher at the higher rate of addition. The pH values of percolates followed the order: control > granular S > finely ground S > iron sulphate = aluminium sulphate and were lower at the higher rate of addition. For the amended soils there was a very close relationship between the pattern and total amounts of SO ₄ ^2- and Ca²⁺ leached.It was concluded that granular S is not an effective acidifying agent since it is oxidized very slowly in the soil and that acidfying agents should be incorporated to the depth that acidification is required.     

Chemical and Physical Signals Mediating Conspecific and Heterospecific Aggregation Behavior of First Instar Stink Bugs

We investigated cues that mediate the aggregation behavior of immature pentatomid bugs by using nymphs of six different pentatomid bug species (Nezara viridula, Acrosternum hilare, Chlorochroa ligata, Chlorochroa sayi, Thyanta pallidovirens, and Euschistus conspersus). When first instars of any two species were put together in a Petri dish, they readily formed heterospecific aggregations similar to their natural conspecific aggregations. The chemical profiles of first and second instar nymphs of each species were determined by solvent extraction with pentane, followed by GC-MS analysis. Immature bugs of the different species had some compounds in common, and some that were more species specific. Within a species, there were distinct differences in the profiles of compounds extracted from first and second instars. Bugs did not aggregate around untreated polysulfone beads (1 mm diam) that were glued together in groups approximating bug egg masses, suggesting that tactile cues alone were insufficient to induce aggregation. Furthermore, when tested over a range of doses, groups of polysulfone beads treated with crude whole-body extracts of bugs did not induce or maintain aggregations. However, first instar N. viridula nymphs did respond to beads treated with two of the three major components of bug extracts. 4-Oxo-(E)-2-decenal induced significant aggregations at two doses, whereas tridecane, the major component in extracts from all six species, did not, and (E)-2-decenal was repellent. The repellence of (E)-2-decenal may explain why we and previous researchers were unable to induce aggregations of first instar N. viridula using whole-body extracts.     

α-Tocopherol alteration of soybean antiherbivory toTrichoplusia ni larvae

The antioxidant vitamin E, -tocopherol, was tested as a candidate elicitor of alterable antiherbivory in soybean plants against cabbage looper larvae. Although a nonspecific antioxidant, vitamin E proved elicitory to the involved sulfhydryl-dependent receptor-energy transducer protein in soybean plasma membrane. Effects of -tocopherol were dependent on dosage, time, and space in the plant. The observed elicited effects were all decreases in herbivory. The best negative phytochemical correlate of looper feeding was the percentage of increased total HPLC peak area of extractables from elicited as compared to nonelicited leaves. Some specific compounds, e.g., glyceollins, were quantitatively major components of the total profile of secondary metabolites.