The silence of the library: Environment, situational norm, and social behavior.

On the basis of the idea that situational norms are mentally represented as associations between environments and normative behavior, it was proposed that an environment can automatically direct normative behavior. More specifically, when situational norms are well-established (e.g., when entering the library, one should be silent), an environment is capable of automatically activating mental representations of normative behavior and the behavior itself. In these experiments, participants were exposed to pictures of environments, and effects on accessibility of representations of normative behavior and on actual behavior were assessed. Results indicated that representations of behavior and actual behavior itself are activated automatically when (a) goals to visit the environment are active and (b) strong associations between environment and normative behavior are established. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Bruchanalyse an Hohlgläsern

Failure analysis of hollow glasses The failure analysis is very important to clarify damages of hollow glasses. Damages of glass bottle through over pressure are very often linked with damages to persons. This is the reason why the causal research is from particular importance. Different surface characteristics of glass fragments as well as the fracture pattern give hints to the direction of the crack, the stress just before breakage and the reason of stress. A reconstruction of the bottle is a further helpful instrument for cause studies. The difference of the various characteristics of the surface will be explained. Further on there will be discussed different reasons and mechanism of fracture.     

La改性的Ag/TS-1催化剂上丙烯选择氧化制环氧丙烷

在H2 和O2 混合气体存在下 ,在常压固定床、石英反应器上考察了La改性的Ag/TS - 1催化剂催化丙烯环氧化反应。研究结果表明 ,Ag和La负载在TS - 1上的先后顺序对丙烯环氧化反应有影响。H2 在丙烯气相氧化反应体系中起着重要的作用。     

稠油注汽井用高温调剖封窜剂的研制与应用

随着单井蒸汽吞吐周期的增加，加剧了油层纵向和平面上的非均质性。汽驱井组油层存在高渗透带或孔道，注入蒸汽上升，从稠油顶部跨越，会出现越顶现象，造成提早汽窜，注蒸汽驱的波及效率进一步降低。针对此问题，开发了稠油注汽井用高温调剖封窜剂。室内研究结果表明，研制的高温调副封窜剂HD、HT具有较好的高温成胶性能和强度。现场应用孤东油田的9口井，有效8口，有效率88．9％，累计增油726．8t。     

超声监测技术在膜分离过程中的应用研究

在膜分离过程中，膜通量总是随运行时间而下降．为了区分膜污染与浓差极化或者可能的膜形变对通量的影响，和选择适宜的清洗过程，对一种只敏感于膜表面状况的超声测量方法进行了广泛研究．通过平板膜(包括微滤膜、超滤膜和反渗透膜)以及卷式反渗透膜过程的应用实例，说明了这种实时、在线的超声时域反射法即Ultrasonic Time-Domain Reflectometry (UTDR)可以利用它的反射波的振幅和回声抵达超声传感器的时间来监测浓差极化、膜污染(例如CaSO4污染)与清洗过程，也可以用来测量膜的压紧度和污染层厚度．超声测量与传统膜性能测量结果有良好的关联，并具有区域性测量的特性．为了实用化目的，新近的研究进展也作了介绍．     

建筑艺术--膜结构建筑

结合具体工程实例 ,介绍了膜结构建筑 ,从其类型、膜材料的种类、膜结构建筑的特点等方面进行了论述 ,展望了2 1世纪膜结构建筑的发展。     

Quantification of the layer dispersion degree in polymer layered silicate nanocomposites by transmission electron microscopy

As the performance of polymer layered silicate nanocomposites strongly depends on their interior layer dispersion, quantification of the layer dispersion degree is needed. In this work, a new methodology was developed to determine the dispersion parameter D_0.1, based on the measurement of the free-path spacing distance between the single clay sheets from the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images. Several examples of exfoliated, intercalated, and immiscible composites were studied. It was found that the exfoliated composites had D_0.1 over 8%, while that of intercalated composites were between 4 and 8%. In the case of intercalation, a high frequency peak appeared at a short spacing distance in the histogram, which was a characteristic of the intercalation, distinct from the exfoliation. The main utility of this TEM methodology is for the quantification of exfoliated or intercalated samples with small number of layers with stacks. The dispersion parameter D_0.1 below 4% was suggested to classify as immiscible. A unique advantage of the TEM measurement is that the dispersion degree of different fillers can be counted individually.     

Fire performance of wood (Pinus radiata) treated with fire retardants and a wood preservative

In this work, we co‐formulated an oil‐borne copper naphthenate/permethrin wood preservative system with synthetic polymer‐based fire‐retardant additives prior to the impregnation of Pinus radiata sapwood. We evaluated what effect, if any, the preservative had upon the fire performance properties of the fire retardants and whether the fire retardants impacted on the fungicidal and termiticidal efficacy of the preservative. The fire retardants included halogenated and phosphorus‐based systems. A mass loss calorimeter, in conjunction with a thermopile, was used to measure the time to ignition and the peak heat release rate (PHRR) from which the fire performance index (FPI) was determined. The preservative properties were evaluated using termite and soil‐block decay bioassays. In summary, we found that the rate of fire growth was reduced when the fire retardants were used in combination with the wood preservative. We also found that the PHRR was a better determinant of fire performance than the FPI. The performance of the wood preservative was enhanced against fungal decay and termite attack when used in combination with the fire retardants. The fire retardants also demonstrated some wood preservative properties of their own. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Separation of weak and strong acids by electro-electrodialysis—Experiment and theory

The experimental results of the separation of acetic acid (HA) from the sulfuric acid by the electro-electrodialysis (EED) method and the modeling of process have been presented. The Neosepta membranes CMX and ACM have been used. It has been found that the efficiency of retention of HA is high (>0.9) when the process is conducted below the limiting current density with respect to HSO₄⁻ or SO₄²⁻ anions. The observed current efficiency of the H₂SO₄ removal was rather low (CE_S = ca. 0.7, when the initial concentration of H₂SO₄ in the mixture was 1 or 2 M) which was caused by the nonideal selectivity of the anion-exchange membrane. The experimental results have been described by the model based on the extended Nernst-Planck equation and the Donnan equilibrium. Since the efficiency of the process depended mainly on the selectivity of anion-exchange membrane (ACM), the concentration of fixed charges of that membrane, , and the ratio of volume fraction of pores to their squared tortuosity, V_p/θ², have been chosen as the main fitting parameters. It has been found that the fitting of the EED data depends mainly on , whereas in the modeling of diffusion experiment (or an EED experiment conducted at low current density) both parameters are important. The best fit has been obtained for , i.e. ca. one order smaller than that determined experimentally. The obtained optimal value of V_p/θ², equal to 0.013, is consistent with those previously obtained for other Neosepta anion-exchange membrane.