An interpretation of probability in the law of evidence based on pro-et-contra argumentation

The purpose of this paper is to improve on the logical and measure-theoretic foundations for the notion of probability in the law of evidence, which were given in my contributions Åqvist [ (1990) Logical analysis of epistemic modality: an explication of the Bolding–Ekelöf degrees of evidential strength. In: Klami HT (ed) Rätt och Sanning (Law and Truth. A symposium on legal proof-theory in Uppsala May 1989). Iustus Förlag, Uppsala, pp 43–54; (1992) Towards a logical theory of legal evidence: semantic analysis of the Bolding–Ekelöf degrees of evidential strength. In: Martino AA (ed) Expert systems in law. Elsevier Science Publishers BV, Amsterdam, North-Holland, pp 67–86]. The present approach agrees with the one adopted in those contributions in taking its main task to be that of providing a semantic analysis, or explication, of the so called Bolding–Ekelöf degrees of evidential strength (“proof-strength”) as applied to the establishment of matters of fact in law-courts. However, it differs from the one advocated in our earlier work on the subject in explicitly appealing to what is known as “Pro-et-Contra Argumentation”, after the famous Norwegian philosopher Arne Naess. It tries to bring out the logical form of that interesting kind of reasoning, at least in the context of the law of evidence. The formal techniques used here will be seen to be largely inspired by the important work done by Patrick Suppes, notably Suppes [(1957) Introduction to logic. van Nostrand, Princeton and (1972) Finite equal-interval measurement structures. Theoria 38:45–63].     

世界特大洪水

介绍了第四纪以来世界特大洪水的规模、成因，论述了特大气象洪水的时空分布规律．对洪水研究提出了4点建议。     

Effect of surface properties of different food contact materials on the efficiency of quaternary ammonium compounds residue recovery and persistence

Residues of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) remaining after sanitising were evaluated for a number of materials used in food plants. The residues were collected by swabs and measured using a spectrophotometric method. Surface topography and energy affected the QACs recovery. Highest percentage of QACs recovery was achieved for the tile material (102.2%) which had the most hydrophilic properties and least irregularities in surface topology, followed by stainless steel (82.1%). Meanwhile, the lowest recovery occurred in PVC (42.1%) and resin (44.3%) that exhibited hydrophobic characteristics and abrupt changes in height profile in a given surface area. Monitoring of QACs residues deposited on the surfaces after 7 days showed that the recovery of QACs in PVC and resin reduced significantly (P < 0.05), supposing that QACs might be degraded or interacted with the materials. However, no significant changes in residue recovery were observed for tiles and stainless steel surfaces after 7 days.     

氨碱法废清液析盐规律的计算研究(Ⅱ)——等密度线

文章计算了废清液蒸发过程中液相组成及密度，在证实计算方法可靠的情况下，对青岛碱厂废清液蒸发过程进行了预测，给出了预测结果，同时计算补充了２０℃Ｎａ＋，Ｃａ∥Ｃｌ－－Ｈ２Ｏ体系的相图数据及等密度线，举例说明了等密度线的应用。     

铁盐在杂环化合物合成中的应用

铁盐以其价廉易得、可持续、环境友好及后处理方便等特性已经广泛应用于许多反应中.综述了近年来铁盐在五和六元杂环化合物合成中的最新研究进展.     

金属盐沉淀法提取茶多酚影响因素的研究

对金属盐沉淀法提取茶多酚进行了研究 探讨了茶叶量、浸提水量、浸提时间、浸提次数、浸提水温度、金属盐及其加入量、酸溶时酸的用量、萃取时间、萃取次数等各因素对茶多酚提取率的影响 研究表明 ,AlCl3 和ZnSO4 对茶多酚的沉淀具有协同作用 确定了最佳提取工艺条件 :10 g茶末 ,14 0mL水 ,10 0℃水中浸提 10min ,加入AlCl3 ·6H2 O 0 .60 g ,ZnSO4 ·7H2 O 1.0 7g ,用乙酸乙脂萃取 4次 ,其茶多酚的提取率可达 18%～ 2 0 %     

铅盐在氰化浸金中的应用及作用机理研究现状

简要介绍了氧化铅、硝酸铅、醋酸铅等铅盐在氰化浸金过程中的最新应用，并详细论述了铅盐在氰化浸金过程中的作用机理研究现状。     

Cyanide ions transport from aqueous solutions by using quaternary ammonium salts through bulk liquid membranes

Extraction experiments were carried out to determine the suitable solvent and carrier type. Five different solvents and carriers were used and verified. Trichloromethane and tetraoctyl ammonium chlorides were found to be the most appropriate solvent and carrier type for this study. The coupled transport of cyanide ions in aqueous solutions through bulk liquid membrane (BLM) was investigated using various stirring speeds and temperatures. Cyanide ion transport through BLM technique was analyzed according to coupled non-steady state kinetics of two consecutive irreversible first order reactions. The influences of the kinetic parameters (k_1d, k_2m, k_2a, R_m^max, t_max, J_d^max, J_a^max) for the various stirring speeds in the system were established. The removal and recovery efficiencies of the cyanide ions transported from aqueous solutions in 360 min were 99.4 and 82%, respectively. As the stirring speed was increased, both the efficiency of transport and recovery of cyanide ions from aqueous solutions were increased. On the other hand, for maximum membrane entrance (J_d^max) and exit (J_a^max) fluxes the activation energies were calculated as 21.6 kcal/mol and 10.5 kcal/mol, respectively.     

Myofibrillar Protein Solubility of Model Beef Batters as Affected by Low Levels of Calcium, Magnesium and Zinc Chloride

Preblended composites of semimembranosus and adductor muscles were stored 12h at 4°C with 2.0% NaCl, 0 or 0.05% CaCl₂, MgCl₂, or ZnCl₂ and 0 or 0.4% sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP). Model systems were formulated to contain 30% fat (high fat; HF) or 10% fat (low fat; LF). Divalent salts lowered extract pH and ZnCl₂ elicited the greatest reduction. At both fat levels, CaCl₂ increased and ZnCl₂ decreased protein solubility, compared to the control (p<0.05). Myosin was not detected in ZnCl₂-treated HF and LF batters without STPP and in the presence of STPP, MgCl₂ and ZnCl₂ increased myosin concentration at both fat levels (p<0.05). Zinc chloride increased actin concentration in HF batters; whereas, MgCl₂ decreased soluble actin in LF batters (p<0.05). Magnesium chloride (0.05%) increased soluble proteins in LF batters containing 0.4% STPP by increasing myosin extractability.     

福州第四纪沉积物工程地质特征研究

本文将福州第四系划分为七组，研究了各级分布特征，物理力学性质，并从持力层的选择、基坑支护、地基处理等方面进行了工程对策研究分析