Facile corrosion synthesis and sintering of disperse pure tetragonal zirconia nanoparticles

Disperse pure tetragonal zirconia (t-ZrO₂) nanoparticles smaller than 10 nm are essential for preparation of structural and functional zirconia materials, but syntheses of t-ZrO₂ nanoparticles using inorganic zirconium salts usually result in severe agglomeration. In this paper, we report a hydrothermal corrosion approach for improving the dispersity of t-ZrO₂ nanoparticles synthesized by precipitation using zirconium oxychloride without any surfactants. Disperse pure t-ZrO₂ nanoparticles with average sizes of 4.5 and 6 nm and size distributions of 2–11 and 3–12 nm were obtained by calcining precipitates at 400 °C for 2 h and 500 °C for 0.5 h followed by HCl corrosion at 120 °C for 75 h, respectively. Disperse t-ZrO₂ nanoparticles with an average size of 6 nm and a size distribution of 3–12 nm were pressed into green compacts at 500 MPa and sintered by two-step sintering (heating to 1150 °C without hold and decreasing to 1000 °C with a 10 h hold). The sintered bodies are dense pure monoclinic ZrO₂ nanocrystalline ceramic with a relative density of 99.9% and an average grain size of 110 nm.     

Review of zirconia-based bioceramic: Surface modification and cellular response

Zirconia is gaining interest as a ceramic biomaterial for implant applications due to its biocompatibility and desirable mechanical properties. At present, zirconia-based ceramic is often seen in the applications of hip replacement and dental implants. This paper briefly reviews different surface modification techniques that have been applied to zirconia such as polishing, sandblasting, etching, biofunctionalization, coating, laser treatment, and ultraviolet light treatment. The cellular response of osteoblast-like cell, osteoblast cell, fibroblast, and epithelial cell to the modified surface is discussed in terms of their adhesion, proliferation, and metabolic activity. The potential of surface modification to make zirconia a successful implant material in the future is highly dependent on the establishment of successful in vitro and in vivo studies. Hence, further effort should be made in order to deepen the understanding of tissue response to the implant and the tissue regeneration process. The review concludes with future prospect of research and further challenges in developing better zirconia bioceramics.     

New approach to low thermal conductivity of thermal barrier protection with improved mechanical integrity

Layered ceramic systems with designed stacks of dense and porous layers were investigated as alternative for thermal barrier protection system (TBPs). This approach gives the possibility to obtain low thermal conductivity with the impact protection of dense external layers whilst maintaining the relatively high mechanical properties. Different stacking configurations have been proposed utilizing in total a combination of up to 30 dense/porous layers. Porous layers were produced with two different nominal porosities 20 vol% and 40 vol%. For comparison uni-axial pressed samples with the same porosity level have been prepared. Thermal and mechanical characterization was performed on samples of tape cast (with different stacking designs) and uni-axial pressed fully stabilized zirconia TBPs. The layered fully stabilized zirconia (8YSZ) has 15–30 % lower thermal conductivity in comparison with the uni-axial pressed samples, nevertheless by the same Young`s modulus value. The results of the thermal and mechanical observation shows, that such an approach can be beneficial as an alternative for future thermal barrier protection systems.     

硅源对纳米级ZSM-5分子筛结构及其对甲醇转化制丙烯与丁烯反应催化性能的影响

采用低温水热晶化法,以四丙基氢氧化铵为模板剂,分别使用98%粗孔固体硅胶和30%硅溶胶为硅源,制备不同硅铝物质的量比的纳米级ZSM-5分子筛,研究硅源对其物化结构及甲醇转化制丙烯与丁烯催化性能的影响。结果表明,硅源种类影响ZSM-5分子筛的结构及铝分布,进而影响其酸性和催化性能。固体硅胶为硅源,有利于形成弱酸性位点;硅溶胶为硅源,有利于形成强酸性位点。在相同硅铝物质的量比时,以固体硅胶为硅源的ZSM-5分子筛的总酸量小于以硅溶胶为硅源的样品。无论使用何种硅源,对ZSM-5分子筛的晶型结构影响不大,且ZSM-5分子筛颗粒形貌均呈现为由小晶粒堆积成(500~1 000)nm的类球形颗粒。以硅溶胶为硅源制备的样品颗粒尺寸大于以固体硅胶为硅源制备的样品。硅铝物质的量比为400时,两种硅源合成分子筛的丙烯与丁烯的选择性相近,但以硅溶胶为硅源的ZSM-5分子筛的寿命更长。     

Role of zirconia phase transformation,interface processes,and Ta2O5 doping on the blistering phenomenon of molten glass in contact with zirconia-based refractories

Bubble formation and removal within the molten glass is an important issue in glass industry. Various sources of bubbles have been identified in glass manufacturing: decomposition of the glass components, air trapping, oxidation/reduction reactions, precipitation resulting from insufficient refining, etc. It has been demonstrated in a previous paper that the blistering phenomenon at the interface between a molten glass and a zirconia-based refractory can be ascribed to the oxygen semipermeability through the zirconia phase. The objective of this study is to clarify the role of temperature on the blistering process, and especially, below and above the phase transition temperature of zirconia (monoclinic/tetragonal transformation) and to evaluate the role of zirconia doping on the blistering level. The influence of the kinetics of the surface processes at the glass/refractory interface is emphasized. Quantitative measurement of the slight blistering ascribed to the so-called “redox shock” is also given.     

Operating limits and features of direct air capture on K2CO3/ZrO2 composite sorbent

Potassium carbonate-based sorbents are prospective materials for direct air capture (DAC). In the present study, we examined and revealed the influence of the temperature swing adsorption (TSA) cycle conditions on the CO₂ sorption properties of a novel aerogel-based K₂CO₃/ZrO₂ sorbent in a DAC process. It was shown that the humidity and temperature drastically affect the sorption dynamic and sorption capacity of the sorbent. When a temperature at the sorption stage was 29 ℃ and a water vapor pressure in the feed air was 5.2 mbar (1 bar = 10⁵ Pa), the composite material demonstrated a stable CO₂ sorption capacity of 3.4% (mass). An increase in sorption temperature leads to a continuous decrease in the CO₂ absorption capacity reaching a value of 0.7% (mass) at T = 80 ℃. The material showed the retention of a stable CO₂ sorption capacity for many cycles at each temperature in the range. Increasing P_H2O in the inlet air from 5.2 to 6.8 mbar leads to instability of CO₂ sorption capacity which decreases in the course of 3 consecutive TSA cycles from 1.7% to 0.8% (mass) at T = 29 ℃. A further increase in air humidity only facilitates the deterioration of the CO₂ sorption capacity of the material. A possible explanation for this phenomenon could be the filling of the porous system of the sorbent with solid reaction products and an aqueous solution of potassium salts, which leads to a significant slowdown in the CO₂ diffusion in the composite sorbent grain. To investigate the regeneration step of the TSA cycle in situ, the macro ATR-FTIR (attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared) spectroscopic imaging was applied for the first time. It was shown that the migration of carbonate-containing species over the surface of sorbent occurs during the thermal regeneration stage of the TSA cycle. The movement of the active component in the porous matrix of the sorbent can affect the sorption characteristics of the composite material. The revealed features make it possible to formulate the requirements and limitations that need to be taken into account for the practical implementation of the DAC process using the K₂CO₃/ZrO₂ composite sorbent.     

基于响应面法的硅溶胶注浆材料配比优化研究

硅溶胶注浆材料具有可注性好、凝胶时间可控、环保无毒、耐久性高等优点,但常规的硅溶胶固砂体抗压强度偏低,其推广应用受到了一定限制。本文通过单因素实验分别研究了胶凝剂种类、胶凝剂浓度、硅溶胶与胶凝剂质量比、注浆材料pH值对硅溶胶固砂体抗压强度的影响,同时通过响应面法研究了胶凝剂浓度、硅溶胶与胶凝剂质量比、注浆材料pH值交互作用对抗压强度的影响。试验结果表明:单因素对抗压强度影响的显著程度依次为胶凝剂浓度、注浆材料pH值、硅溶胶与胶凝剂质量比;双因素交互作用对抗压强度影响的显著程度依次为胶凝剂浓度和注浆材料pH值、胶凝剂浓度和硅溶胶与胶凝剂质量比、硅溶胶与胶凝剂质量比和注浆材料pH值。采用响应面法获得的硅溶胶固砂体抗压强度最优配比为胶凝剂质量浓度为7%,硅溶胶与胶凝剂质量比为7 ∶1,注浆材料pH值为7。响应面法的预测值和实测值误差较小,表明响应面法可用于硅溶胶注浆材料的配比优化。     

以硅溶胶为主要成膜物的水性木器透明底漆的研究

研究了硅溶胶凝胶的影响因素,选择匹配的高分子聚合物,对硅溶胶胶粒进行绑缚作用,协助硅溶胶成膜降低其刚性,考察其他助剂的协同作用,发挥出硅溶胶成膜后的特性,配制的水性木器涂料透明底漆具有硬度高、干速快、硬度建立快、初期抗压性好、耐水性优、附着力好、打磨性好等优势.     

Preparation and characterization of ZrO2/PES hybrid ultrafiltration membrane with uniform ZrO2 nanoparticles

In current or next-generation reuse systems, the development of new classes of antifouling membranes is needed before viable membrane-based approaches for wastewater reclamation can be achieved. In this study, ZrO₂/PES hybrid ultrafiltration membranes with uniform ZrO₂ nanoparticles were prepared by combining an ion-exchange process with a traditional immersion precipitation process. Hydrous ZrO₂ sol was synthesized by addition of anion-exchange resin in N,N-dimethylformamide solvent containing zirconyl chloride. Homogeneous ZrO₂/PES casting solution was then obtained by dissolving PES polymer in the ZrO₂ sol. The existence and dispersion states of ZrO₂ nanoparticles in the resultant membrane matrix were examined by X-ray photoelectron spectrometer, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. The results indicate that the ZrO₂ nanoparticles were well dispersed throughout the PES matrix and the diameter of the formed nanoparticles was about 5–10 nm. The hydrophilicity of the membranes was determined by measuring the contact angles. The antifouling property was determined by antifouling experiments and atomic force microscopy. The results confirm that the existence of ZrO₂ nanoparticles improves the hydrophilicity and reduces protein adsorption of membranes.