Thermal markers arising from changes in the protein component of milk

Classification of heat load applied to milk requires the detection of parameters appropriately related to the intensity of the heat treatment. Current analytical methods based on heat-induced changes in the protein component of milk have been directed either to determine the amount of protein-derived products arised from heat treatments or to evaluate the extent of thermal denaturation of milk proteins. Lately, a new analytical strategy has been developed according to the occurrence of three major whey proteins, namely bovine serum albumin (BSA), beta-lactoglobulin (βlg) and alfa-lactalbumin (αla), normally soluble at pH 4.6 in raw milk, in the pH 4.6 insoluble protein fraction recovered from heat-treated milk. The results have shown that pH 4.6 insoluble BSA, βlg and αla, as detected by ELISA in milk, can be regarded as thermal markers suited for either dairy process control or regulation purposes.     

Fast one-step carbothermal reduction and nitridation method using nano-sized Al2O3 and carbon black to prepare aluminium oxynitride powder for highly transparent ceramics

By fast heating the nano-sized Al₂O₃ and carbon black mixtures at 50°C/min to 1750°C for 30–120 min, single-phase AlON powders were successfully obtained by a fast one-step carbothermal reduction and nitridation (CRN) method. The AlON ceramics pressureless sintered at 1880°C for 150 min by these powders show high transmittances up to 83%–84%, which indicates that the proposed fast one-step CRN method is an effective and efficient way with strong robustness to synthesize single-phase AlON powder for highly transparent AlON ceramics. It was found that α-Al₂O₃ particles do not have enough time to aggregate and coalesce during heating due to the tremendously shortened heating span, which significantly inhibited particle coarsening until the formation of AlON starts. The fast-formed AlON further inhibits the coarsening of α-Al₂O₃ during dwelling. Consequently, single-phase AlON powder of small primary particles can be obtained after 30 min dwelling at 1750°C.     

再生骨料透水混凝土体积法配比设计关键参数的优化选择

以再生骨料配制的透水生态混凝土为研究对象,用体积法进行配合比设计并调整不同的配比参数,研究保证再生骨料配制透水生态混凝土透水性和强度的最佳配比参数,并比较再生骨料与天然骨料配比设计中参数选择的异同。     

Influence of structure of iron nanoparticles in aggregates on their magnetic properties

Zero-valent iron nanoparticles rapidly aggregate. One of the reasons is magnetic forces among the nanoparticles. Magnetic field around particles is caused by composition of the particles. Their core is formed from zero-valent iron, and shell is a layer of magnetite. The magnetic forces contribute to attractive forces among the nanoparticles and that leads to increasing of aggregation of the nanoparticles. This effect is undesirable for decreasing of remediation properties of iron particles and limited transport possibilities. The aggregation of iron nanoparticles was established for consequent processes: Brownian motion, sedimentation, velocity gradient of fluid around particles and electrostatic forces. In our previous work, an introduction of influence of magnetic forces among particles on the aggregation was presented. These forces have significant impact on the rate of aggregation. In this article, a numerical computation of magnetic forces between an aggregate and a nanoparticle and between two aggregates is shown. It is done for random position of nanoparticles in an aggregate and random or arranged directions of magnetic polarizations and for structured aggregates with arranged vectors of polarizations. Statistical computation by Monte Carlo is done, and range of dominant area of magnetic forces around particles is assessed.     

Effects of heat treatment on the physical properties of lightweight aggregate from water reservoir sediment

Lightweight aggregates (LWAs) were produced from water reservoir sediment with added calcium oxide by employing four heat treatments, respectively, at temperatures in the range of 1170-1230 °C. The results show that LWAs produced at temperatures above 1200 °C meet European Union regulation EN-13055-1, which states that the unit weight of LWAs should be lower than 2000 kg/m³. The bulk density was easily lowered by extending the soaking time and increasing the heating rate. The ratio of strength to unit weight of the LWA produced at 1230 °C with a short soaking time and a fast heating rate was near that of a commercial product. The level of water adsorption was below 4%, which increased initially and then decreased due to pore connections and pore sealing. The formation of a glassy phase made the LWAs treated at higher temperature rough and sealed small pores (<0.1 mm) connected to the walls of large pores (>0.2 mm). The mineral phases of the LWAs were quartz, anorthite, and hematite.     

Some Features of Coalescence Processes and Mechanisms in Systems of Nonmetallic Crystalline Particles

The influence of particle size, presence of soluble impurities, and the development of solid-state polytype transitions in systems of nonmetallic crystalline particles on coalescence mechanisms during sintering is considered. The following cases that have not been studied previously are discussed. Coalescence is activated by oxygen during sintering fine plasma chemical powders of AlN, TiC, and TiN. Its mechanism may be considered as alloy formation realized by movement of a boundary between areas differing in oxygen concentration. Development of this coalescence governs the formation of collective grain growth centers. Polytype transitions in self-bonded SiC give rise to the occurrence of Ostwald coalescence accomplished as recrystallization by the grain in grain type. Polytype transitions in SiC and AlN may cause the growth of fine monopolytype grains at the expense of coarse grains consisting of a collection of multilayer polytypes. On the example of silicon-bonded SiC it is shown that during liquid-phase sintering of ceramic materials with solubility of solid phase in the liquid phase three types of Ostwald coalescence may be realized differing in the mass-transfer mechanisms: reprecipitation through the liquid phase (solution of carbon in silicon); joining of two or more single original SiC particles by a single-crystal shell forming as a result of crystallization of the condensed phase from the melt-solution; combined reprecipitation through a liquid phase and recrystallization by migration of boundaries between particles.     

应用分形维数研究土壤团聚体与低吸力段持水性的关系

将土壤水动力参数和易测定的土壤物理特性联系起来一直是土壤物理学的重要研究内容,分形理论为这方面研究提供了新的途径。本文以贡嘎山亚高山林区11个土壤样品为例,研究了土壤团聚体分形维数和低吸力段持水曲线分形维数的关系。结果表明:分形维数能较好地描述土壤团聚体数量组成、土壤水分分配;干、湿团聚体分形维数(CFD、WFD)与低吸力段持水曲线分形维数(FDw)之间相关系数为0.891、0.759,呈极显著性直线正相关,线性回归方程式定量地描述了研究区森林土壤团聚体对土壤低吸力段持水性能的影响。     

路由器端基于模式聚集的流量控制研究

不断发展的DoS/DDoS攻击对Internet安全是一个严重的威胁,传统的IDS针对DoS/DDoS攻击的防御方法并不能减少路由器上的攻击流量。文中提出了一种新的运行在核心路由器上的基于多层模式聚集的流量控制机制,它根据不同协议的统计特征设计出不同聚集模式,使用轻量级的协议分析和多层聚集来控制流量。实验证明该机制不但简化了包分类的复杂性,对攻击手段的变化还有一定的免疫性,能对恶意攻击包进行有效过滤,实现在骨干网络上限制非法流量的目的。     

立方晶粒各向异性集合金属的非线性弹性本构关系

在Voigt模型下,Barsch(1968)和Johnson(1985)分别给出了立方晶粒各向同性集合和正交集合的非线性弹性本构关系.本文推导出基于Voigt模型的、比Barsch和Johnson结果更一般的、立方晶粒各向异性集合的非线性弹性本构关系,这里金属的各向异性通过织构系数来描述.