不同粘弹性驱替液下毛管数对驱油效果的影响

通过在微亲水人造岩心上开展的室内驱油物理模拟试验,探讨了毛管数对不同粘弹性聚合物溶液驱油效率及残余油饱和度的影响.同时,在相同毛管数条件下,研究了不同粘弹性聚合物溶液对其驱油效率及残余油饱和度的影响,得到了不同粘弹性条件下毛管数与驱油效率关系的一族曲线;比较系统地研究了不同粘弹性聚合物溶液下毛管数对驱油效率及残余油饱和度的影响规律,即在毛管数相同的条件下,聚合物溶液的粘弹性越高,体系的采收率越高,残余油饱和度越低,说明了聚合物溶液的弹性也是影响其提高采收率、降低残余油饱和度的重要因素.对进一步深入研究聚合物驱油机理和现场作业具有行重要指导意义.     

有机盐聚合醇氯化钾钻井液的应用

霍尔果斯背斜构造极其复杂,内应力极高,地层倾角大,断层、破碎带多,并存在高低压互层;安集海河组的灰绿色软泥岩水化严重并具有粘弹塑性.该区块重点探井霍003井三开、四开井段选用有机盐聚合醇氯化钾钻井液,同时为保证钻井液在高密度下（2.55 g/cm^3）具有好的流变性,使用活化铁矿粉、活化重晶石加重.应用结果表明,由于采用了强抑制和多元封堵的措施,该钻井液具有良好的流变性和较强的携带能力,钻进中曾携带出重2.8 kg和5.1kg的大掉块;滤失量低,泥饼质量好,封堵能力强,造壁能力强,减轻了井下阻卡程度;有良好的储层保护能力;在室内研究的基础上,经过现场合理使用和维护钻井液,霍003井提高了机械钻速,缩短了钻井周期,井身质量优于邻井.指出在高密度下,未选出适合有机盐聚合醇氯化钾钻井液的稀释剂,钻井液流动性较差.     

连续式超临界流体萃取进卸料装置

概括了超临界流体萃取技术和包括连续式操作在内的超临界流体萃取装置的研究现状 ,提出了一种通过球形进、卸料器完成固相物料超临界流体萃取连续化进卸料的装置 ,介绍了该装置的结构和工作原理 ,给出装置中各主要部件的计算方法。     

阳离子化多元醇防塌剂的研制

室内研究和现场应用表明,聚乙烯醇类防塌剂表现出较明显的增粘负效应,可引起钻井液粘度的急剧增加,严重影响其推广应用.通过金属盐催化降解和阳离子化反应,研制出了抑制性好且增粘负效应低的阳离子化改性多元醇防塌剂.考察了阳离子化试剂、反应温度、反应时间对取代度、反应效率和产品主要性能的影响,得出了阳离子化多元醇防塌剂最佳制备条件,即：PVA与阳离子化试剂物质的量比为1：1,反应温度为50℃,反应时间为4 h,阳离子度可达0.435.     

浅谈省煤器汽水冲击的原因及消除

从省煤器产生汽水冲击的原因着手分析,提出消除省煤器汽水冲击现象的方法和省煤器在运行中应注意的问题,指出只有认识了解汽水冲击产生的物理过程及其原因,才可减少汽水冲击事故的发生。     

利用地震分形属性钻前预测安全钻井液密度范围

为了对钻井过程中的井壁失稳问题进行有效控制,根据地震和测井信息的分形性质以及它们之间的密切联系,提出了综合利用地震记录的分形属性预测测井曲线并进而在钻前预测安全钻井液密度范围的模型。首先从井旁地震记录中提取出能全面反映地震非线性特征的分形属性,运用能充分利用样本信息的CUSI神经网络,建立已钻井段地震分形属性与测井数据之间的非线性映射模型,通过该模型预测未钻地层的声波和密度测井曲线。在此基础上运用井壁稳定分析模型,计算地层的孔隙压力、坍塌压力和破裂压力,从而在钻前预测安全钻井液密度范围。该方法在西部某油田的应用表明,用地震记录的分形属性钻前预测安全钻井液密度范围的方法具有良好的预测效果。该方法预测精度较高,操作简单易行。     

Axisymmetric extrusion through adaptable dies—Part 1: Flexible velocity fields and power terms

An adaptable die is one that not only produces the correct geometrical shape, but also is designed through an adaptable method to impart other desirable properties to the product or process. In this first part of a series of papers, six kinematically admissible velocity fields are developed for use in upper bound models for axisymmetric extrusion through various dies, including extrusion through adaptable dies. Three base velocity fields are presented:

(1) assuming proportional angles in the deformation zone,

(2) assuming proportional areas in the deformation zone, or

(3) assuming proportional distances from the centerline in the deformation zone.

The base velocity is modified by an additional term comprised of two functions. One function allows extra flexibility in the radial direction, and the second function allows extra flexibility in the angular direction. There are two forms of the second function, which meet the required boundary conditions. The flexibility function in the radial direction is represented by a series of Legendre polynomials, which are orthogonal over the deformation region. The power terms derived for these velocity fields for use in upper bound models are also presented.Part 2 of this series compares the results obtained in upper bound models for the six velocity fields for a spherical extrusion die. In Part 3, the use of the best velocity field for extrusion through streamlined dies is developed to determine the adaptable die shape, which minimizes the required extrusion pressure. Additionally, the adaptable die shape is compared with results from Yang and Han for arbitrarily curved and streamlined dies.     

Nd2Co17-xMnx化合物的结构与磁性

研究了Nd2Co17-xMnx(x=0,1,3,5,7,9,11)化合物的结构和磁性，Nd2Co17-xMnx化合物具有菱方相Th2Zn17型结构；在x比较小时，随着x的增加，化合物的单胞体积缓慢增大，而在x比较大时，随着x的增加，化合物的单胞体积迅速增大，这表明Nd2Co17-xMnx化合物在磁性状态下存在着正的自发体磁致伸缩；随着x的增加，化合物的居里点及4.2K下的饱和磁化强度都快速下降，这表明在x比较小时，3d次晶格的Co-Co之间的铁磁变换作用起主导作用，而在x比较大时，3d次晶格中反铁磁交换作用起主要作用；在约234K观察到了Nd2Co14Mn3化合物的自旋重取向现象。     

富CO2流体对深部碎屑储层影响机制模拟研究

深部流体中富含CO2,进入沉积盆地之后可与碎屑岩储集层相互作用,改变储层物性.利用压实成岩模拟装置,采用粒径为0.3～0.5 mm的长石颗粒为研究对象,开展了注入CO2的模拟试验,并通过分析流体中的化学成分变化监测发生的化学反应.注入CO2后取样表明,Si、Ca、Na的离子浓度在注入CO2后28h轻微下降;但在注入67h后Si和Na离子浓度上升,Ca离子浓度下降;注入150h后的取样表明,Ca离子浓度升高.加入CO2后试验砂体的孔隙度和渗透率下降,但渗透率降低的速率更快.表明CO2进入沉积盆地的初期,由于形成CaCO3沉淀和钙蒙脱石等新矿物,砂体渗透率降低,储层物性变差.     

Lower bound limit analysis using non‐linear programming

This paper describes a new formulation, based on linear finite elements and non‐linear programming, for computing rigorous lower bounds in 1, 2 and 3 dimensions. The resulting optimization problem is typically very large and highly sparse and is solved using a fast quasi‐Newton method whose iteration count is largely independent of the mesh refinement. For two‐dimensional applications, the new formulation is shown to be vastly superior to an equivalent formulation that is based on a linearized yield surface and linear programming. Although it has been developed primarily for geotechnical applications, the method can be used for a wide range of plasticity problems including those with inhomogeneous materials, complex loading, and complicated geometry. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.